Pattern of Later Nineteenth Century Funerals Flashcards
Funeral mood of gloom originated in England and was reinforced during “____________” by southern and eastern Europeans who entered the United States.
The Great Migration
What time frame was “The Great Migration”?
1880 - 1920
Most deaths occurred where before 1945?
At home
Caskets were usually selected from a ______.
catalog (from the furnishing undertaker)
Delivery problems existed but by the 1880’s, most undertakers could be supplied within ______ hours
24 to 36 hours
What is the only basic difference between City and Rural funeralization tasks?
In the rural setting, the undertaker had fewer responsibilities in funeralization tasks
In what year did the states begin passing licensing requirements and departments of vital statistics?
1895
This was all in related to the sanitation movement
What is the traditional definition of a funeral?
A funeral involves personalized rites and or ceremonies with the body present to commemorate that a life has been lived
What is the formation of carriages in order?
undertaker and clergyman
flower carriage
honorary pallbearers
active pallbearers
hearse
immediate family followed by relatives and friends
What are the procession procedure at a graveside?
clergyman leads the way
the undertaker directs active and honorary pallbearers, seats the family, and assists clergy with committal service
Sometimes mourners wore…….
arm bands and hat bands
The widower wore……
widow’s weeds or Olde English Woed’s.
These outfits could be rented
What is a door badge?
a crepe or scarf on the door symbolized mourning. It was usually made of black silk or rayon and adorned with flowers.
What is a “Jack in the box”?
A curtain backdrop provided by the undertaker. It was draped in black or dark gray, and sometimes purple and were utilized inside the house.
Describe the time table of mourning behavior.
Deep Mourning - the first 6 months
mourning colors grew progressively lighter after the 7th month.
It wasn’t until the 3rd year, that the widow could wear ordinary clothes
What are calling cards?
Cards or letters trimmed in black were utilized by the bereaved family to announce death
The width of the black border on these calling cards decreased in size as the mourning period went on
Who distributed the calling cards?
Inviters of funerals
What kind of Funeral music was common during 1880 - 1920?
Brass bands to lead the walking procession
organ music and tolling of the church bells
singing dirges (sad and mournful hymns.)
Describe the Luxury Couch Casket design?
has a drop down front with plush and lighter colored interiors.
What is a Casket Backdrop?
the change from a “Jack in the box”. an extensive floral design (racking flowers) specifically designed as a funeral piece. Many were huge in size with large ribbons with writing on them.
The only ethnic group who avoid the use of floral tributes.
Hebrews (Jews)
What is a Funeral Parlor?
Storefront operation. The concept of a funeral home/funeral director.
Found in Large cities first
List the 3 categories of occupational organizations that sprang up at the end of the 19th century.
- trade union movement for skilled and unskilled labor. (AFL-CIO)
- Trade associations aimed at business and industry. (rotary)
- Professional associations embracing the service worker (guilds)
What was the “Report of the Massachusetts Sanitary Commission”?
before the civil war.
suggested the establishment of a system of sanitary police, with state and local health departments enforcing regulations and analyzing statistics had an impact nationally
What was the Metropolitan Health Bill?
caused by the cholera epidemic brought to New York by arriving Immigrants.
it was the most comprehensive and powerful piece of state sanitary legislation in the United States
What is the Federal Quarantine Act?
passed by congress and later amended in 1901. Became the basis for the present day federal authority in the health field
What is the Sanitary Commission?
organized during the civil war by Rev. Dr. Henry Bellows, Minister of the “All Souls Church in New York city, rendered innumerable services to union soldiers and their families
The U.S. cremation movement began were?
in NY and PA with the Dutch Arian roots
Erected America’s first crematory,
it was constructed primarily for the incineration of his own body.
Dr. F. Julius Lemoyne
Erected a crematory in PA.
He founded a cremation society and published a journal called “The Modern Crematist”
Dr. M. L. Davis
What was the New York Cremation Society?
Its purpose was educational, to advocate and promote cremation as a substitution for burial
“The United States Cremation Company” was organized as a commercial enterprise in Long Island
“The Father of the Memorial Society Movement”
founded and elected president of the “Cremation Society of America”.
Dr. Hugo Erichsen
“The Continental Association of Funeral and Memorial Societies, Inc” changed their name to?
“the Funeral and Memorial Association of America”
Who wrote “American Way of Death”?
Jessica Mitford
How was the Furnishing Undertaker legally able to control all aspects of funeral directing?
Coffin Trust.
it was later stopped by the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
The Slumber couch was adjustable on one end, and upholstered in ________?
red or blue mohair
What is the procession formation of carriages?
undertaker and clergyman first
followed by flower carriage, honorary pallbearers, active pallbearers, hearse, immediate family, and friends
Embalming was usually through what arteries and veins?
Injection through the left axillary artery and drainage through the right axillary vein
Who was the Undertakers Mutual Protective Association of Philadelphia?
They were the first formal organization of undertakers.
They established the “Black Book”, a list or register of objectionable and delinquent clients - all members had access to credit information from the book. (origins of credit industry)
What was the Chicago Undertakers Association?
A larger organization than the Undertakers Mutual Protective Association of Philadelphia.
established the same goals and objectives of mutual protection against delinquent accounts
He became the first president of the first Michigan Association of Undertakers.
His goal was a National Association
was also an undertaker and compounder of embalming fluids
Allen Durfee
What are the 3 significant events that took place during the development of the National Funeral Directors Association?
241 people attended in NY
- a chain of command was organized (National would function as a parent over the states
- The term undertaker would not be used. They would call it ‘Funeral Directors National Association’. It would later be the NFDA
- Formation of Suppliers Association
What is a Combination business?
Traced directly to liveryman, sexton, cabinet maker who continued to have a combination furniture store and undertaking business.
the modern equivalent of the combination business is the cemetery/funeral home
The concept of the family owned business, passed down from father to son, is characteristic from what time frame?
1910 - 1935
What was established at the 3rd National Funeral Directors Association?
The Code of Ethics
it was 600 words long
What is a Jobber?
They were traveling Drummer or Casket Salesmen.
They sold supplies and demonstrated techniques. They were the sole source of communication before the rise in publication
What was the name of the first trade paper? and who published it?
“The Undertaker”
published by Henry E. Taylor
later it became the “Sunnyside”
This magazine dominated the funeral profession until the 1960’s?
“The Casket”
subsidized by Stein
It was the most popular and professionally oriented
Later it combined with Sunnyside and became “Casket and Sunnyside”
Who are Albert H. Nirdlinger and Thomas Glidon?
Editors to “The Casket” / “Casket and Sunnyside”
What did the publication “The Western Undertaker” become?
“The American Funeral Director”
Still in print
In 1880 it was edited and published by Richard McGowan, a casket salesman.
“The Shroud”
geared towards casket salesmen
It was first published by Capt. A.J Millard and editor W. W. Harris?
“The Embalmers Monthly”
It is where academic works of embalming scholars.
After what year, did the trade journals and magazines become the primary force in communicating ideas and promoting professionalism in funeral service?
1890
Who submitted the seven general rules for railways to follow when shipping remains?
the National Association of General Baggage Agents
Who wrote the first treatise used as a guide for the establishment of state boards?
Hudson Sampson
What was the name of the first licensing board and where was it located?
The Board of Examiners
It was in the Province of Ontario, Canada
Where in the USA was the first licensing board located?
Virginia
Prior to ______, the emphases was on embalming with little emphasis on funeral directing
1977
After 1977, it was an equal emphases.
In 1978, the national board examination was adjusted to two separate examinations:
500 questions; 250 embalming and 250 funeral directing
As of 2002, the national board examination was adjusted to two separate examinations:
300 questions; 150 science and 150 Art
Mortuary Science education from 1882 to the present has gone through 5 distinct states:
6 day seminars -> commercial proprietary school -> noncommercial proprietary schools -> nonproprietary, non profit institution -> the regional accredited, publicly funded or tax supported college or university mortuary science program
What is the A.B.F.S.E.?
The American Board of Funeral Service Education
Founded in 1962 as the sole ACCREDITING agency for mortuary science programs and later recognized by the United States Office of Education
What is the C.F.S.E.B?
The Conference of Funeral Service Examining Boards, Inc
Founded by J.H.McCully
composed of state boards and Canadian provinces
the organization has changed names 4 times and is now known as the International Conference of Funeral Service Examining Board
What is the U.M.S.E.A?
The University Mortuary Science Education Association
Unify educational content
What is the N.A.C.M.S and A.A.C.M.S.
the National Association of Colleges of Mortuary Science
and
the American Association of Colleges of Mortuary Science
Both are now defunct organizations
N.A.C.M.S. and U.M.S.E.A. as well as independent schools, make up part of the voting structure of the
A.B.F.S.E
What is the committee of Education of N.F.D.A?
National Funeral Directors Association
in 1903, a THREE man committee elected for 1 to 3 years to work with the national conference to set standards to enter the profession.
They established “The American Institute of Funeral Directors” (A.I.F.D)
What were the 3 goals of “The American Institute of Funeral Directors”?
- establish uniform requirements in all states for licensure
- provide examination questions and answers to state boards
- provide continuing education seminars or “institutes” for those already licensed
who is the son of Hudson Sampson, conducted a successful 2 day institute in 1927 at the National Convention in continuing education.
Dean Harry G. Sampson
Who established the “Institute of Mortuary Research” (I.M.R.) and what were their goal?
The N.F.D.A
- trouble shoot points of hostility and attacks on organized funeral service by varies segments of the media
- publish the “Director” magazine, the trade organ of N.F.D.A
The “N.F.D.A. Commission on Mortuary Education” published what document that was based on a national survey for 58 recommendations and upgrades on educational standards?
“The Future of Funeral Service Education”
To help unify educational requirements, the I.C.F.S.E.B tried to establish what law?
“Minimum Model Licensing Law”
What were some of the main problems trying to nationally unify education?
Many states have HIGHER REQUIREMENTS
Some states have 2 year apprenticeships
National Board Examination (NBE) some states allow written test
What term best describes state legislation pertaining to mortuary law?
“Catch as catch can”
means Hit or Miss
What year did the FTC start regulating the funeral industry with “The Funeral Industry Practices Regulation”?
April 30, 1984
revised in 1994
What does The FTC Rule do?
regulations specify the means by which funeral directors must itemize certain aspects of funeral service, and the specific categories of funeral service to be itemized.
They also contain common-sense prohibitions against fraudulent practices and misrepresentations
N.F.D.A
National Funeral Directors Association
S.I.F.H.
Selected Independent Funeral Homes
N.F.D.M.A
National Funeral Directors & Mortician Association (African American)
J.F.D.A
Jewish Funeral Directors of America
O.G.R
Order of the Golden Rule
N.F.F.S.
National Foundation of Funeral Service
C.M.A
Casket Manufacturers of America
List the significant changes in American life that have occurred since the great depression:
- Rise in the standard of living
- Urbanization
- Mobility of people
- centralization of government
- decline in illiteracy
- penetration of technology
- change in family life
- changing patterns of religious belief
Most walk-ins come if the Funeral Home is near what?
The hospital
During the great depression, funeral service billing changed from full itemization to what?
unit pricing or “Packaged Funeral”
The packaged funeral peaked during what decade?
the late 1950’s
What is Multi-unit or Full itemization?
a separate charge for each major component.
It is the most traditional and historic form
FTC put back in order in 1984
What is Bi-unit pricing?
There is a charge for services and facilities and a SEPARATE charge for the casket
Popular for small funeral homes using a casket display company
What is single unit pricing?
Packaged funeral
The fault is that there is an over emphasis on the casket.
Allowed by FTC if less than the sum of its parts
What is Tri-unit pricing?
three separate charges for:
- services
- Casket
- facilities
What is Functional Pricing?
Similar to tri-unit but lists four parts or prices: (Simplified way of presenting services)
- professional service charge
- use of funeral home facilities
- rolling stock (transportation)
- casket and other merchandise itemized
_________ charges can be priced separately or packaged into other charges
Rolling Stock
________ are always listed as a separate item and never packaged in
Cash accommodations (cash advances)
Today’s funeral, be it rural or urban, still has what three basic units that the funeral had an ancient times:
- preparation of the remains for a wake
- some kind of funeral service organized along religious or philosophical objectives
- disposition with a formalized committal ceremony either cremation, interment, entombment, or inurnment
Prior to what war, was the vast majority of undertaking establishments storefront operations?
World War I
Prior to what year, was the vast majority of funeral homes converted private homes and buildings?
1960
What is today’s biggest hurdle in establishing a funeral service facility?
Zoning laws
Prior to 1955, the funeral director seeking to establish a funeral home was concerned only with the traditional factors like his predecessor:
- religious affiliation
- ethnic / racial identity
- virgin territory to operate in
- near a church
Responsibilities - Funeral service tasks have been divided into four categories. List and explain
POLICY MAKING - owners, proprietor, partners and active officers
MANAGEMENT - managers, directors, embalmers, comptroller
OTHER STAFF - Attendants, chauffeurs, mechanics, hairdressers and apprentices
TRADE SERVICE - removal and embalming services (independent contractors)
What is the Memorial Society Movement?
The Funeral & Memorial Association of America is seeking direct disposition licensure by passing state boards of morticians, answering only to state boards of health
What is a Curbstoner?
A funeral director who DOES NOT OWN a funeral home. Makes arrangements to use church through the minister.
may operate out of a funeral home.
Generally has cremations
Donation of the body to medical science
Uniform anatomical gift act.
