The rise and expansion of Islam

Question 1

The rise and expansion of Islam

Answer 1

From 7th century to early 19th century.

0 to early 1200s H.

Question 2

Sucesión de los hechos de la expansión del Islam

Answer 2

1. Pre-islamic arabia
2. The advent and expansion of Islam in the 7th century.
3. The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates.
4. Al-Andalus: expansion into the Iberian peninsula.
5. Gunpowder empires in the 16th century: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal.
6. Islam in Africa.

Question 3

Temporalidad The Umayyad Caliphate

Answer 3

661-750

Question 4

Abbasid caliphate temporalidad

Answer 4

750-1258

Question 5

que es el Al-Andalus

Answer 5

Expansion of Islam into the Iberian peninsula

Question 6

Gunpowder empires

Answer 6

Ottoman, Safavid (Irán) and Mughal (India)

Question 7

Tribe

Pre islamic arabia

Answer 7

Social form of organization that is comprised by clanes -> conformados por familias.

Nomad population, they have a sense of what were the borders of others tribes -> allliances.

Politheithics.

Question 8

Meaning of Jahaliyya

Answer 8

ignorance and darkness

Question 9

Period of Jahaliyya

Answer 9

Muslim history regards it as Jahiliyya (a period of ignorance)
Before islam was darkness.

Question 10

Civilizations in Arabia before 610 CE

Answer 10

Phoenicians, Nebateans, Hadramwath, Sababeans.

P N H S

Question 11

Advent and expansion of Islam: Sassanian and Byzantine empire

Answer 11

610 Muhammad started receiving divine revelation in Mecca.

The existing of olny one God (Tawhid), which opposed to the religious beliefs (Shahada).

12 years lates, he migrated to Yathrib (Medina)

After beating notables and Jewish from Medina, Muhammad took over Mecca.

After his death in 632 CE, disagreement broke out over who would seceed him as leader of the Muslim community (Ummah)

Question 12

The birth of Islamic Empire

Answer 12

After beating notables and Jewish from Medina, Muhammad took over Mecca

Question 13

Ummah

Answer 13

Muslim community

Question 14

Rashidun caliphate.

Answer 14

Muhammad’s succesors.

632-661 CE

Four caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman and Ali.

Controversy over Ali’s reign and division between Sunni and Shi’a

Question 15

Four caliphs during the Rashidum Caliphate

Answer 15

Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman and Ali.

Question 16

Controversy over Ali’s reign and division between…

Answer 16

Sunni and Shi’a

Question 17

First fitna pt 1

Answer 17

Civil war that overthrew Rashidum and established Umayyad caliphate.

Killing of Uthman in 656

Battle of the Camel in 656 between Ali and Aisha’s followers

Battle of Siffin in 657 between Ali and Mu’awiya (Syria’s governor).

Split within Ali’s army and emergence of Kharijites.

Question 18

Battle of the Camel

Answer 18

It was a civil war between the army of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, and the rebel forces led by Aisha, one of Muhammad’s widows, along with Talha and Zubayr, prominent Companions of the Prophet.

Question 19

First fitna pt 2

Answer 19

661 Assasination of Ali by Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam

Hassan, Ali’s son, was elected Caliph and then attacked by Mu’awiya.

Hasan-Mu’awiya treaty of 661 ended the fist fitna

Hasan abdicates and recognizes Mu’awiya as Caliph.

670: Killing of Hassan by poisoning.

Question 20

What treaty ended the first fitna?

Answer 20

Hasan-Mu’awiya treaty of 661 ended the fist fitna.

No va a haber successor, alguien mas escogerá tu sucesor.
Ali was defeated, he recognixzed Mu’wija as the caliph, under the condition after Mu’wija death a grup of religious schoolars who would appoint the successor.

Question 21

Hassan’s bother

Answer 21

Hussein the most likely candidate after Hassan’s death.

Question 22

Shi’a Islam

Answer 22

Proponents argue that Muhammad designated Ali as successor at Ghadir Khumm in 632 -> people from the house.

Shi’a Islam recalls first and, perhaps most importantly, second fitna.

Battle of Karbala between Husayn and Yazid in 680.

Commemoration of Husayn’s mrytrdrom in the moth of Muharram

10-15 per cent of all Muslims today are Shi’a.

Question 23

Shia countries

Answer 23

 Iran
 Irak
 Aserbayan
 Bahrain

Question 24

Sunni

Answer 24

Sunnis believe that the Prophet Muhammad did not appoint a successor, and that the first caliph (leader) was Abu Bakr, one of the Prophet’s closest companions.

Question 25

Ummayad Caliphate

Answer 25

Descentants of Uthman, the third caliph, opposed Ali’s rule.

Its capital was in Damascus.

Mu’awiya was the first Umayyad ruler.

It lasted from 661 to 750 CE

**Islam experieced greatest expansion that reached even Iberian peninsula (al-Andalus).

It collapsed due to an internal rebellion.

Question 26

Al-Andalus (the vandals )

Answer 26

Muslim kingdom that occupied much of the Iberian Peninsula from 711 CE until the collapse of the Spanish Umayyad dynasty in the early 11th century

Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian peninsula

Muslims rule, under different states, lasted from 711 to 1492.

It flourished during the caliphate of Cordoba (929-1031).

Wars of reconquista (8th to 15th c.)

Question 27

Gang powder empires

Answer 27

o Mughal Empire
o Safavid Empire
o Ottoman Empire

Question 28

Wars of reconquista

Answer 28

 It was the spelled of the arabs.
 Turn the peninsula Christian.
 Attacks that the Spanish Christian kings did to the arabs, they win in 15th century -> 1492.

Question 29

Abbasid Caliphate

Answer 29

750-1258 CE

Empire’s capital to Baghdad.

Arts and sciences fluorished during this period (Golden Age of Islam)

Multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire.

It started its decline in 13th c., with the Mongol invasion led by Genghis Khan.

Question 30

Golden Age of Islam

Answer 30

Arts and sciences fluorished during this period

During Abbasid Caliphate

750-1258 CE

Question 31

Ottoman caliphate

Answer 31

Founded in the 13th century by Uthman in the Anatolia peninsula.

Westwards expansion after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.

Reached its apex in 16th century, with Suleiman the Magnificent.

Decline from 18th century onwards.

“Sick man of Europe” and Tanzimat reforms.

European colonialism and the First World War.

Question 32

Así le decían al imperio otomano en Europa

Answer 32

The sickman of europe

Question 33

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 33

o Reforms to modernize
o Increase taxes
o Especially after the crimea war the european powers were powerful and they need to get powerful for fighting against Europe.

Question 34

Ottoman empire WWI

Answer 34

The ottoman empire lose the world war.

Alliance with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) in 1914, which was a response to the Ottoman Empire’s long-standing rivalry with the British Empire.