The rise and expansion of Islam Flashcards
The rise and expansion of Islam
From 7th century to early 19th century.
0 to early 1200s H.
Sucesión de los hechos de la expansión del Islam
- Pre-islamic arabia
- The advent and expansion of Islam in the 7th century.
- The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates.
- Al-Andalus: expansion into the Iberian peninsula.
- Gunpowder empires in the 16th century: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal.
- Islam in Africa.
Temporalidad The Umayyad Caliphate
661-750
Abbasid caliphate temporalidad
750-1258
que es el Al-Andalus
Expansion of Islam into the Iberian peninsula
Gunpowder empires
Ottoman, Safavid (Irán) and Mughal (India)
Tribe
Pre islamic arabia
Social form of organization that is comprised by clanes -> conformados por familias.
Nomad population, they have a sense of what were the borders of others tribes -> allliances.
Politheithics.
Meaning of Jahaliyya
ignorance and darkness
Period of Jahaliyya
Muslim history regards it as Jahiliyya (a period of ignorance)
Before islam was darkness.
Civilizations in Arabia before 610 CE
Phoenicians, Nebateans, Hadramwath, Sababeans.
P N H S
Advent and expansion of Islam: Sassanian and Byzantine empire
610 Muhammad started receiving divine revelation in Mecca.
The existing of olny one God (Tawhid), which opposed to the religious beliefs (Shahada).
12 years lates, he migrated to Yathrib (Medina)
After beating notables and Jewish from Medina, Muhammad took over Mecca.
After his death in 632 CE, disagreement broke out over who would seceed him as leader of the Muslim community (Ummah)
The birth of Islamic Empire
After beating notables and Jewish from Medina, Muhammad took over Mecca
Ummah
Muslim community
Rashidun caliphate.
Muhammad’s succesors.
632-661 CE
Four caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman and Ali.
Controversy over Ali’s reign and division between Sunni and Shi’a
Four caliphs during the Rashidum Caliphate
Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman and Ali.
Controversy over Ali’s reign and division between…
Sunni and Shi’a
First fitna pt 1
Civil war that overthrew Rashidum and established Umayyad caliphate.
Killing of Uthman in 656
Battle of the Camel in 656 between Ali and Aisha’s followers
Battle of Siffin in 657 between Ali and Mu’awiya (Syria’s governor).
Split within Ali’s army and emergence of Kharijites.
Battle of the Camel
It was a civil war between the army of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, and the rebel forces led by Aisha, one of Muhammad’s widows, along with Talha and Zubayr, prominent Companions of the Prophet.
First fitna pt 2
661 Assasination of Ali by Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam
Hassan, Ali’s son, was elected Caliph and then attacked by Mu’awiya.
Hasan-Mu’awiya treaty of 661 ended the fist fitna
Hasan abdicates and recognizes Mu’awiya as Caliph.
670: Killing of Hassan by poisoning.
What treaty ended the first fitna?
Hasan-Mu’awiya treaty of 661 ended the fist fitna.
No va a haber successor, alguien mas escogerá tu sucesor.
Ali was defeated, he recognixzed Mu’wija as the caliph, under the condition after Mu’wija death a grup of religious schoolars who would appoint the successor.
Hassan’s bother
Hussein the most likely candidate after Hassan’s death.
Shi’a Islam
Proponents argue that Muhammad designated Ali as successor at Ghadir Khumm in 632 -> people from the house.
Shi’a Islam recalls first and, perhaps most importantly, second fitna.
Battle of Karbala between Husayn and Yazid in 680.
Commemoration of Husayn’s mrytrdrom in the moth of Muharram
10-15 per cent of all Muslims today are Shi’a.
Shia countries
Iran
Irak
Aserbayan
Bahrain
Sunni
Sunnis believe that the Prophet Muhammad did not appoint a successor, and that the first caliph (leader) was Abu Bakr, one of the Prophet’s closest companions.
Ummayad Caliphate
Descentants of Uthman, the third caliph, opposed Ali’s rule.
Its capital was in Damascus.
Mu’awiya was the first Umayyad ruler.
It lasted from 661 to 750 CE
**Islam experieced greatest expansion that reached even Iberian peninsula (al-Andalus).
It collapsed due to an internal rebellion.
Al-Andalus (the vandals )
Muslim kingdom that occupied much of the Iberian Peninsula from 711 CE until the collapse of the Spanish Umayyad dynasty in the early 11th century
Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian peninsula
Muslims rule, under different states, lasted from 711 to 1492.
It flourished during the caliphate of Cordoba (929-1031).
Wars of reconquista (8th to 15th c.)
Gang powder empires
o Mughal Empire
o Safavid Empire
o Ottoman Empire
Wars of reconquista
It was the spelled of the arabs.
Turn the peninsula Christian.
Attacks that the Spanish Christian kings did to the arabs, they win in 15th century -> 1492.
Abbasid Caliphate
750-1258 CE
Empire’s capital to Baghdad.
Arts and sciences fluorished during this period (Golden Age of Islam)
Multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire.
It started its decline in 13th c., with the Mongol invasion led by Genghis Khan.
Golden Age of Islam
Arts and sciences fluorished during this period
During Abbasid Caliphate
750-1258 CE
Ottoman caliphate
Founded in the 13th century by Uthman in the Anatolia peninsula.
Westwards expansion after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Reached its apex in 16th century, with Suleiman the Magnificent.
Decline from 18th century onwards.
“Sick man of Europe” and Tanzimat reforms.
European colonialism and the First World War.
Así le decían al imperio otomano en Europa
The sickman of europe
Tanzimat Reforms
o Reforms to modernize
o Increase taxes
o Especially after the crimea war the european powers were powerful and they need to get powerful for fighting against Europe.
Ottoman empire WWI
The ottoman empire lose the world war.
Alliance with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary) in 1914, which was a response to the Ottoman Empire’s long-standing rivalry with the British Empire.
