The rise and expansion of Islam Flashcards
The rise and expansion of Islam
From 7th century to early 19th century.
0 to early 1200s H.
Sucesión de los hechos de la expansión del Islam
- Pre-islamic arabia
- The advent and expansion of Islam in the 7th century.
- The Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates.
- Al-Andalus: expansion into the Iberian peninsula.
- Gunpowder empires in the 16th century: Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal.
- Islam in Africa.
Temporalidad The Umayyad Caliphate
661-750
Abbasid caliphate temporalidad
750-1258
que es el Al-Andalus
Expansion of Islam into the Iberian peninsula
Gunpowder empires
Ottoman, Safavid (Irán) and Mughal (India)
Tribe
Pre islamic arabia
Social form of organization that is comprised by clanes -> conformados por familias.
Nomad population, they have a sense of what were the borders of others tribes -> allliances.
Politheithics.
Meaning of Jahaliyya
ignorance and darkness
Period of Jahaliyya
Muslim history regards it as Jahiliyya (a period of ignorance)
Before islam was darkness.
Civilizations in Arabia before 610 CE
Phoenicians, Nebateans, Hadramwath, Sababeans.
P N H S
Advent and expansion of Islam: Sassanian and Byzantine empire
610 Muhammad started receiving divine revelation in Mecca.
The existing of olny one God (Tawhid), which opposed to the religious beliefs (Shahada).
12 years lates, he migrated to Yathrib (Medina)
After beating notables and Jewish from Medina, Muhammad took over Mecca.
After his death in 632 CE, disagreement broke out over who would seceed him as leader of the Muslim community (Ummah)
The birth of Islamic Empire
After beating notables and Jewish from Medina, Muhammad took over Mecca
Ummah
Muslim community
Rashidun caliphate.
Muhammad’s succesors.
632-661 CE
Four caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman and Ali.
Controversy over Ali’s reign and division between Sunni and Shi’a
Four caliphs during the Rashidum Caliphate
Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman and Ali.
Controversy over Ali’s reign and division between…
Sunni and Shi’a
First fitna pt 1
Civil war that overthrew Rashidum and established Umayyad caliphate.
Killing of Uthman in 656
Battle of the Camel in 656 between Ali and Aisha’s followers
Battle of Siffin in 657 between Ali and Mu’awiya (Syria’s governor).
Split within Ali’s army and emergence of Kharijites.
Battle of the Camel
It was a civil war between the army of Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, and the rebel forces led by Aisha, one of Muhammad’s widows, along with Talha and Zubayr, prominent Companions of the Prophet.
First fitna pt 2
661 Assasination of Ali by Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam
Hassan, Ali’s son, was elected Caliph and then attacked by Mu’awiya.
Hasan-Mu’awiya treaty of 661 ended the fist fitna
Hasan abdicates and recognizes Mu’awiya as Caliph.
670: Killing of Hassan by poisoning.
What treaty ended the first fitna?
Hasan-Mu’awiya treaty of 661 ended the fist fitna.
No va a haber successor, alguien mas escogerá tu sucesor.
Ali was defeated, he recognixzed Mu’wija as the caliph, under the condition after Mu’wija death a grup of religious schoolars who would appoint the successor.
Hassan’s bother
Hussein the most likely candidate after Hassan’s death.
Shi’a Islam
Proponents argue that Muhammad designated Ali as successor at Ghadir Khumm in 632 -> people from the house.
Shi’a Islam recalls first and, perhaps most importantly, second fitna.
Battle of Karbala between Husayn and Yazid in 680.
Commemoration of Husayn’s mrytrdrom in the moth of Muharram
10-15 per cent of all Muslims today are Shi’a.
Shia countries
Iran
Irak
Aserbayan
Bahrain
Sunni
Sunnis believe that the Prophet Muhammad did not appoint a successor, and that the first caliph (leader) was Abu Bakr, one of the Prophet’s closest companions.
