From Caliphate to nation - states

Question 1

Tanzimat reforms

Answer 1

Series of reforms between 1839 to 1876 aimed at modernization.

It ended with the 1876 Revolution (Ottoman coup d’etat).

Reformist move by the Sultan.

Question 2

Gülhane edict (Tanzimat reforms)

Answer 2

1839
Guaranteed rights and military conscription to all subjets of empire regarless of the religion which led to Ottomanism.

Question 3

Subsequent reforms (Tanzimat reforms)

Answer 3

New secular school system

Prussioan conscripst system: The Prussian conscript system was a military recruitment system developed by the Kingdom of Prussia in the early 19th century. It was based on the principle of universal service, where all able-bodied males were liable for military service.

Creation of provincial assemblies.

Civilian courts.

Question 4

External challenges during the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

Answer 4

Territorial loss against rising European powers.

Lack of control of routes and stategic points due to European irruption.

Question 5

Internal challenges during the Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

Answer 5

Republicanism: Questioning of Sultan’s absolutist power, and promotion of constitutionalism.

Nationalism: independentist movements from national communities across the Caliphate.

Question 6

Young Turks and CUP

Answer 6

The Young Turks were a group of Ottoman reformers who emerged in the late 19th century. They were mostly young, educated, and influenced by European ideas of liberalism, democracy, and nationalism.

The Committee of Union and Progress -> political organization founded by the Young Turks in 1889. It was a secretive and highly organized group that aimed to overthrow the Ottoman government and establish a new, more modern and efficient administration.

Question 7

Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

Answer 7

Young Turk Revolution of 1908

The Great Arab Revolt of 1916

Ottoman-German alliance in WWI

Armenian genocide

Treaty of Sevres of 1920

Question 8

Young Turk Revolution of 1908

Answer 8

Part of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
o The sultan could emerge and abolish the constitution.
o A revolution against the sultan, and it emerged the constitution.

Question 9

The Great Arab Revolt of 1918

Answer 9

Part of the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire

o In the context of the first WW.
o The british throug lawrance of arabia wanted to liberate the arabs.

___

The British government, which had interests in the region, saw an opportunity to use the Arabs to weaken the Ottoman Empire and gain control of the region. In 1915, the British government signed the Sykes-Picot Agreement with France, which divided the Middle East into spheres of influence, with the British gaining control of Iraq and the French gaining control of Syria and Lebanon.

Question 10

Armenian Genocide

Answer 10

Was a systematic and brutal extermination of the Armenian people by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

The genocide was carried out by the Ottoman government, led by the Young Turk movement, which was a nationalist and secularist movement that had come to power in 1913.

Question 11

Treaty of Sevres

Answer 11

1920
Peace treaty between the Allied Powers (France, Britain and Italy) and the Ottoman Empire -> defeat ot the Ottoman Empire in WWI

Established the boundaries of the new states that would be created from the Ottoman Empire.

Independence of several Arab State: Syria, Lebanon and Iraq.

Republic of Turkey.

Question 12

European Mandates after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.

Answer 12

McMahon-Hussein correspondence

Sykes-Picot agreement of 1915-16

San Remo conference of 1920

British mandate in Iraq y Palestine

French mandate in Syria and Libane.

Question 13

Palestine’s particular history

Answer 13

Antisemitism and Aliyah to Palestine -> migración de judíos hacia Palestina debido a lo que ocurría en Alemania.

Zionism