Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

C82CHI 18/19 > The Return of Cognition > Flashcards

The Return of Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the issue with behaviourism regarding the organisation of behaviour?

A

Explanation that complicated behaviours emerge from a complex chain of associations learned over repeated learning trials doesn’t work. Learning would take more time than available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the issue with behaviourism regarding the rise of instincts?

A

Stimulus environment is inadequate to explain all behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did Lorenz and Tinbergen show?

A

Some behaviour is innate, e.g. imprinting

They are the founders of modern ethology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the issue with behaviourism regarding the uniqueness of language?

A

Language is uniquely human and the application of animal models of learning is inappropriate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does Piaget’s work predate?

A

The cognitive revolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was Piaget alive?

A

1896-1980

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Piaget research?

A

Developmental psychology and genetic epistemology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is genetic epistemology?

A

Origins of knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Piaget assume about complex representations?

A

They could be created, modified, extended and discarded.

Changed way we think about child development and human cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who was Barbel Inhelder?

A

Alive 1913-1997

Collaborated with Piaget, made crucial contributions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When was Sir Frederic Bartlett alive?

A

1886-1969

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bartlett (1932)

A

What happens when someone reads or listens to a story and tries to recall it?
War of the Ghosts
Recalled passages become shorter and more coherent
Person remmebering selects features of passage to anchor whole story
Detail sometimes changed to become more familiar to remembered story

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What did Bartlett suggest about memory?

A

Memory organised by schema - provide mental framework for understanding and remembering information
Schema are used in active reconstruction of events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When was Kenneth Craik alive?

A

1914-1945

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What book is Craik best known for?

A

The Nature of Explanation 1943
Suggests that mind constructs models of reality
A philosophical treatise - radical in hypotheses about nature and function of thought
Laid foundation for concept of mental models

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When was Alan Turing alive?

A

1912-1954

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did the unpublished manuscript by Turing later become known as?

A

Manifesto for Artificial Intelligence

Developed ideas of networks of learning neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Turing most famous for in psychology?

A

The Turing Test 1950

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Turing Test?

A

Involves a computer and two humans - the interrogator and the foil
Interrogator attempts to determine which other (foil and computer) is the computer with help of the foil
If cannot decide which is computer then conclude that computers can think

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who published ‘A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity’ and when?

A

McCulloch and Pitts - 1943

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What were the porperties of McCulloch & Pitts’ computational neurons?

A

They are binary devices
Each neuron has a fixed threshold
Neuron receives inputs from excitatory synapses
Inhibitory inputs have an absolute veto power over any excitatory inputs
At each time step, neurons are updated by summing weighted excitatory inputs

22
Q

What can computational neurons model?

A

Boolean logic problems

23
Q

What did Hebb (1949) postulate?

A

Neurons that fire together wire together

24
Q

When was Norbert Weiner alive?

A

1894-1964

25
Q

What did Weiner invent?

A

Mathematician - invented cybernetics

26
Q

Rosenblueth, Wiener, & Bigelow (1943)

A

Behaviour, purpose, and teleology

Theme of paper is classification of types of behaviour with reference to concept of purpose

27
Q

What did Weiner publish in 1948?

A

Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine

28
Q

What two types of behaviour did Weiner write about?

A

Active - energy for behaviour is internal, can be goal or non-goal oriented
Passive - energy for behaviour is external

29
Q

When was Claude Shannon alive?

A

1916-2001

30
Q

A Mathematical Theory of Communication

A

Claude Shannon 1948
Integral to cognitive revolution
Information can be measured in terms of uncertainty
Possible to quantify enformation using binary logic
Introduced and discussed concepts like information theory, channels, noise, filters, capacity and degradation

31
Q

When was Jerome Bruner born?

A

1915

32
Q

Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin (1956)

A

A Study of Thinking
‘Effort to establish meaning as central concept of psychology’
‘Focussed on symbolic activities that human beings employed in comstructing and making sense not only of the world but of themselves’

33
Q

Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960?

A

George Miller and Jerome Bruner

34
Q

Miller 1956

A

The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information

  • Limited short term memory processor
  • Chunking
35
Q

Miller, Galanter, & Pribram 1960

A

Plans and the Structure of Behaviour

  • Planning
  • TOTE test-operate-test-exit
36
Q

When was Donald Broadbent alive?

A

1926-1993

37
Q

What book did Broadbent publish in 1958?

A

Perception and Communication

38
Q

What does ‘Perception and Communication’ discuss?

A

Pulls together work on information theory and computational modelling
Showed how attentional processes can be studied through experimentation
Explained attention using information-processing constructs
Used behavioural data to infer functional stages of attentional processing

39
Q

When was Chomsky born?

A

1928

40
Q

What book did Chomsky review in 1959?

A

Verbal Behaviour by B.F. Skinner (1957)

41
Q

What were Chomsky’s criticisms of Skinner?

A

Behaviourist terms cannot be applied to human behaviour - particularly language
Flexibility of language means stimulus/response/reinforcement paradigm has little predictive value

42
Q

When was Allen Newell alive?

A

1927-1992

43
Q

Who id Newell work with?

A

Shaw and simon

44
Q

What sort of approaches didNewell et al. develop and what were they?

A 
Computational
Information Processing Languages
Logic Theory MAchine
General Problem Solver
Production System Languages
45
Q

Who did Newell develop a complex production system cognitive architecture with?

A

Laird and Rosenbloom

46
Q

What book did Newell publish in 1992 and what was it based on?

A

Unified Theories of Cognition

Based on his William James Lectures 1987

47
Q

When was Herbert Simon alive?

A

1916-2001

48
Q

What did Simon win a Nobel prize in?

A

Economics

49
Q

What did Simon pioneer with Newell?

A

Artificial Intelligence applications to psychology

Published ‘The Sciences of the Artificial’

50
Q

Which classic text did Simon publish in 1972?

A

Problem Solving

Developed idea that expertise is due to development of chunks

51
Q

What method of data collection and analysis did Simon develop?

A

Verbal Protocol Analysis

With Ericsson

C82CHI 18/19 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions