The Return of Cognition Flashcards
What is the issue with behaviourism regarding the organisation of behaviour?
Explanation that complicated behaviours emerge from a complex chain of associations learned over repeated learning trials doesn’t work. Learning would take more time than available
What is the issue with behaviourism regarding the rise of instincts?
Stimulus environment is inadequate to explain all behaviour
What did Lorenz and Tinbergen show?
Some behaviour is innate, e.g. imprinting
They are the founders of modern ethology
What is the issue with behaviourism regarding the uniqueness of language?
Language is uniquely human and the application of animal models of learning is inappropriate
What does Piaget’s work predate?
The cognitive revolution
When was Piaget alive?
1896-1980
What did Piaget research?
Developmental psychology and genetic epistemology
What is genetic epistemology?
Origins of knowledge
What did Piaget assume about complex representations?
They could be created, modified, extended and discarded.
Changed way we think about child development and human cognition
Who was Barbel Inhelder?
Alive 1913-1997
Collaborated with Piaget, made crucial contributions
When was Sir Frederic Bartlett alive?
1886-1969
Bartlett (1932)
What happens when someone reads or listens to a story and tries to recall it?
War of the Ghosts
Recalled passages become shorter and more coherent
Person remmebering selects features of passage to anchor whole story
Detail sometimes changed to become more familiar to remembered story
What did Bartlett suggest about memory?
Memory organised by schema - provide mental framework for understanding and remembering information
Schema are used in active reconstruction of events
When was Kenneth Craik alive?
1914-1945
What book is Craik best known for?
The Nature of Explanation 1943
Suggests that mind constructs models of reality
A philosophical treatise - radical in hypotheses about nature and function of thought
Laid foundation for concept of mental models
When was Alan Turing alive?
1912-1954
What did the unpublished manuscript by Turing later become known as?
Manifesto for Artificial Intelligence
Developed ideas of networks of learning neurons
What is Turing most famous for in psychology?
The Turing Test 1950
What is the Turing Test?
Involves a computer and two humans - the interrogator and the foil
Interrogator attempts to determine which other (foil and computer) is the computer with help of the foil
If cannot decide which is computer then conclude that computers can think
Who published ‘A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity’ and when?
McCulloch and Pitts - 1943
What were the porperties of McCulloch & Pitts’ computational neurons?
They are binary devices
Each neuron has a fixed threshold
Neuron receives inputs from excitatory synapses
Inhibitory inputs have an absolute veto power over any excitatory inputs
At each time step, neurons are updated by summing weighted excitatory inputs
What can computational neurons model?
Boolean logic problems
What did Hebb (1949) postulate?
Neurons that fire together wire together
When was Norbert Weiner alive?
1894-1964
What did Weiner invent?
Mathematician - invented cybernetics
Rosenblueth, Wiener, & Bigelow (1943)
Behaviour, purpose, and teleology
Theme of paper is classification of types of behaviour with reference to concept of purpose
What did Weiner publish in 1948?
Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
What two types of behaviour did Weiner write about?
Active - energy for behaviour is internal, can be goal or non-goal oriented
Passive - energy for behaviour is external
When was Claude Shannon alive?
1916-2001
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
Claude Shannon 1948
Integral to cognitive revolution
Information can be measured in terms of uncertainty
Possible to quantify enformation using binary logic
Introduced and discussed concepts like information theory, channels, noise, filters, capacity and degradation
When was Jerome Bruner born?
1915
Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin (1956)
A Study of Thinking
‘Effort to establish meaning as central concept of psychology’
‘Focussed on symbolic activities that human beings employed in comstructing and making sense not only of the world but of themselves’
Who founded the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard in 1960?
George Miller and Jerome Bruner
Miller 1956
The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information
- Limited short term memory processor
- Chunking
Miller, Galanter, & Pribram 1960
Plans and the Structure of Behaviour
- Planning
- TOTE test-operate-test-exit
When was Donald Broadbent alive?
1926-1993
What book did Broadbent publish in 1958?
Perception and Communication
What does ‘Perception and Communication’ discuss?
Pulls together work on information theory and computational modelling
Showed how attentional processes can be studied through experimentation
Explained attention using information-processing constructs
Used behavioural data to infer functional stages of attentional processing
When was Chomsky born?
1928
What book did Chomsky review in 1959?
Verbal Behaviour by B.F. Skinner (1957)
What were Chomsky’s criticisms of Skinner?
Behaviourist terms cannot be applied to human behaviour - particularly language
Flexibility of language means stimulus/response/reinforcement paradigm has little predictive value
When was Allen Newell alive?
1927-1992
Who id Newell work with?
Shaw and simon
What sort of approaches didNewell et al. develop and what were they?
Computational Information Processing Languages Logic Theory MAchine General Problem Solver Production System Languages
Who did Newell develop a complex production system cognitive architecture with?
Laird and Rosenbloom
What book did Newell publish in 1992 and what was it based on?
Unified Theories of Cognition
Based on his William James Lectures 1987
When was Herbert Simon alive?
1916-2001
What did Simon win a Nobel prize in?
Economics
What did Simon pioneer with Newell?
Artificial Intelligence applications to psychology
Published ‘The Sciences of the Artificial’
Which classic text did Simon publish in 1972?
Problem Solving
Developed idea that expertise is due to development of chunks
What method of data collection and analysis did Simon develop?
Verbal Protocol Analysis
With Ericsson
