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C82CHI 18/19 > On the Threshold of Psychology > Flashcards

On the Threshold of Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

When was David Hartley alive?

A

1705-1757

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2
Q

What did David Hartley orginally train to be?

A

A minister in the Anglican church and then a medic

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3
Q

What did David Hartley deal with?

A

The biological implication of associationism

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4
Q

What is associationism?

A

Ideas are interconnected, sequential and descriptive of experience

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5
Q

What did David Hartley write and what did it discuss?

A

Observation on Man, his Frame, his Duty and his Expectations

Neurology, moral psychology and spirituality

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6
Q

What is the mind to Hartley?

A

The brain and its operations - avoids substance duality of mental and physical

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7
Q

What is Hartley’s neurophysiological theory about?

A

The transmission of ideas ad describes physical activity in terms of association
Based on extending Newtonian science into psychology

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8
Q

According to Hartley, what do neurological processes give rise to?

A

Ideas, emotions, thoughts and actions - mind and body in concert

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9
Q

What was Hartley the first to propose?

A

a physiological model of association as a model of the mind

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10
Q

How does Hartley suggest nerves work?

A

Nerves vibrate - change their frequencies or amplitudes and transmit cchanges to other nerves
Large number of associative connections - generates all complexities of actions

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11
Q

When was Alexander Bain alive?

A

1818-1903

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12
Q

What was Bain?

A

An associationist like Hartley but also supported psychophysical parallelism

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13
Q

What is psychophysical parallelism?

A

Mental and bodily events occur together but with no direct cause-effect relation

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14
Q

Bain is known for which books?

A

Senses and the Intellect

Emotions and the Will

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15
Q

What did Bain introduce into associationism?

A

Hedonism - pleasurable associations more likely to be repeated

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16
Q

Who was influenced by Bain?

A

Pavlov and Thorndike

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17
Q

What did Bain believe in common with Hartley?

A

Associations formed in the mind essentially caused by neurological changes

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18
Q

What did Bain say was an important part of psychology?

A

Voluntary action - determines what an individual experiences and therefore learns
Dont just passively react to current environmental conditions (Smith, 1997)

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19
Q

What did Bain believe research should focus on?

A

Conscious data and introspection (Smith, 1997)

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20
Q

What did Bain believe in that other associationists didn’t?

A

Inherited dispositions

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21
Q

When was Darwin alive?

A

1809-1882

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22
Q

What did Darwin say humans are?

A

Animals like all others

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23
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which organisms change over time

Random, often minor variations are raw material of natural selection

24
Q

What is the process of natural selection?

A

Variation - Differential reproduction - heredity

25
Q

What is the goal of evolutionary processes?

A

Adaptation to the environment - only functional adaptations survive

26
Q

What is comparative psychology?

A

If animals and humans are related then studying animals can tell us something about ourselves

27
Q

What are indidvidual differences?

A

Examining variations between individuals and how they are selected will infrom us about the human mind

28
Q

What were the consequences of evolution for the nervous system?

A

Nervous system could now be considerd in terms of older and newer parts of brain

29
Q

How did evolution impact developmental psychology?

A

Studying children gives insight to early evolutionary development of the human mind
Embryonic stages of an animal reflect evolutionary history of that animal

30
Q

When was Ernst Weber alive?

A

1795-1878

31
Q

What was Weber’s profession?

A

Doctor and professor of anatomy at University of Liepzig

32
Q

What was Weber’s psychological law and what did it concern

A

∆R/R=K, where R is the stimulus intensity (R=Reiz) and K is a constant, ∆R is the just noticeable difference

33
Q

What is Fechner considered the founder of?

A

Psychophysics - relationship between stimuli and sensations/perceptions they evoke

34
Q

When was Gustav Fechner alive?

A

1801-1887

35
Q

What did Fechner study?

A 
The limen (Thresholds) of perception
Absolute thresholds and JND
36
Q

When was Hermann Von Helmholtz alive?

A

1821-1894

37
Q

Whose ideas did Helmholtz oppose?

A

Kant - Helmholtz insisted that all knowledge came through the senses

38
Q

What did Helmholtz’s methods focus on?

A

Sensations

39
Q

What idea did Helmholtz introduce?

A

The idea of unconscious processing of stimuli

Process is inductive and leads to generalisations between similar stimuli

40
Q

How does the brain interpret ambiguous stimuli according to Helmholtz?

A

Based on previous findings and learned associations

41
Q

When was Wilhelm Wundt alive?

A

1832-1920

42
Q

What did Wundt establish in his book?

A

Established psychology as the experimental science of the mind in ‘Principles of Physiological Psychology’

43
Q

What did Wundt found?

A

The first experimental psychology lab

44
Q

What was Wundt’s psychology named and what was fundamental to it?

A

Voluntarism
Attention and volition
Need to study content of the mind

45
Q

What ideas did Wundy introduce to psychology?

A

Objective measurement and control

46
Q

How did Wundt separate psychology from philosophy?

A

By examining though processes in a more structured manner

47
Q

When was Edward Titchener alive?

A

1867-1927

48
Q

Who was Edward Titchener?

A

British student of Wundt, founded first psychology department in US at Cornell

49
Q

What was Titchener’s version of voluntarism?

A

Structuralism

50
Q

What are the aims of structural psychology?

A

To describe consciousness in terms of its basic elements
To describe how those elements combine together
To explain how the nervous system is connected to consciousness

51
Q

How was consciousness defined in structuralism?

A

Immediate experience

52
Q

Which experimental method was used in structuralism?

A

Introspection (if conducted by well-trained scientists)

53
Q

What did structuralism represent?

A

The emergence of psychology as a field separate to philosophy

54
Q

What did structuralism lead to?

A

Development of other schoolds of thought such as functionalism, behaviourism and Gestalt psychology

55
Q

What did Boring (1950) note about structural psychology?

A

Probably a negative force in development of psychology - lot of effort spent discrediting it

56
Q

What were the problems of introsepction in structuralism?

A

When moving from describing sensations to higher procecsses of thought and reasoning - Imageless thought controversy

C82CHI 18/19 (10 decks)

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