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visual neuroscience <3 > the retina > Flashcards

the retina Flashcards

1
Q

outer coat - cornea

A

transparent b/c ordered array of collagen

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2
Q

outer coat - sclera

A

strong & white
b/c of unusual pattern of collagen

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3
Q

middle coat - aqueous humour production

A

maintains health of eye, creates intraocular pressure
Via: ciliary epithelial cells

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4
Q

middle coat - accommodation

A

focusing via ligament attachment to ciliary muscle (circular, contracts)

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5
Q

emmetropia

A

focal point on retina

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6
Q

myopia

A

short sightedness
focal point before retina

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7
Q

hypermetropia

A

long sightedness
focal point after retina

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8
Q

highest cone density - where?

A

at the fovea
size and shape is thinner at the fovea
(why we have bad periphery vision)

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9
Q

pathway of cells

A

photoreceptors - bipolar cells - ganglion cells

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10
Q

outer nuclear layer

A

photoreceptors

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11
Q

inner nuclear layer
what cell types & what vision

A

horiztonal cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells
spatial vision & colour vision

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12
Q

horizontal cells
(hyp or dep with light)

A

lateral inhibition via gaba
hyperpolarise with light

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13
Q

amacrine cells

A

axonless
lateral inhibition via gaba and glycine

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14
Q

ganglion cells release?

A

glutamate (fire aps)

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15
Q

lamina cribosa (optic nerve)

A

axons pass and held in spot

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16
Q

glaucoma

A

Intraocular pressure up because:
Angle Closure: aq not escaping
Open angle: too much aq production

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17
Q

photoreceptor - outer segment

A

contains photopigment
what responds to light

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18
Q

inner segment photoreceptor

A

contains mitochondria and golgi

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19
Q

synaptic terminal of a photoreceptor

A

nt release
connect with bipolar and horizontal cells

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20
Q

what are the two photopigments

A

rhodopsin and conopsin

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21
Q

what does an increase in cGMP mean

A

increased number of cyclic gmp gated channels open
na influx - dep

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22
Q

photoreceptors at night

A

depolarised because cgmp channels open
na influx continuous

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23
Q

photoreceptors during the day

A

cgmp -> gmp = channel closed
no na influx
= hyperpolarised

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24
Q

photoreceptors accumulate which nt

A

lutamate

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25
Q

photoreceptors accumulate which nt

A

glutamate

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26
Q

cGMP produced by?

A

guancylate cyclase
needs ca

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27
Q

recovery of rhodopsin

A

phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase
allows binding of arrestin
prevents binding to transducin

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28
Q

calcium

A

enters at night via cgmp gated and vgcc
at day cgmp closed therefore vgcc closed

29
Q

restore 11 cis retinal

A

via retinoid cycle
Involves conversion of all-trans
retinal to all-trans retinol
̈ Transport of all-trans-retinol to
RPE via IRBP
¤ (interphotoreceptor retinoid
binding protein)
̈ isomerization in the Retinal
Pigment Epithelium (e.g.,
RPE65)

30
Q

blue cones

A

small

31
Q

green cones

A

medium

32
Q

red cones

A

large

33
Q

what two cones are most similar

A

m an l

34
Q

off bipolar cells
affect from light & how

A

hyperpolarise from light
glutamate binds to mGluR6 -> closes TRPM1 cation channels

35
Q

on bipolar cells
effect of light and how

A

depolarise from light
glutamate binds to iGluR -> opens

36
Q

M ganglion cells
(size of receptive field & what aspects of vision)

A

large receptive field
motion detection, flicker, gross features

37
Q

P ganglion cells

A

small receptive field
more numerous
visual acuity & colour vision

38
Q

on bpc synapse with what type of gcs

A

on

39
Q

what receptor is between bpc and gc

A

iGluR

40
Q

retina doesnt just detect light: what aspect helps us see?

A

comparison of light / colour

41
Q

ganglion cells: ____ firing depending on ____ spot on _____ field

A

different amount of firing depending on different spot on receptive field

42
Q

what type of cells are centre surround?

A

ganglion cells (off or on centre)

43
Q

central response

A

determined by through pathway
ph - bpc - gc

44
Q

surround response

A

determined by inputs from horizontal cells
(modulating signal)

45
Q

what is in the plexiform layers of the retina

A

synapses

46
Q

what is in the nuclear layers of retina

A

cells

47
Q

amacrine cells - location (cell body vs branch)

A

cell bodies - INL
branch - IPL

48
Q

what NT do amacrine cells use

A

gaba, glycine (some: Ach, dopamine)

49
Q

how many cone bpc is there compared to rod

A

9 cone
1 rod

50
Q

what do rod bipolar cells synapse with

A

amacrine cells (only)

51
Q

circuits active at high light levels

A

cones signal to cone bpc

52
Q

circuits active at low light levels

A

rods signal to rod bpc

53
Q

a2 amacrine cell

A

critical for seeing at night
depolarise when RBPC depolarised

54
Q

what % of amacrine cells is a2

A

40

55
Q

what receptor fo a2 cells have and what NT do they use

A

iGluR
glycine

56
Q

on off ds GC

A

ganglion cells that detect objects moving at all speeds
*m ganglion
*increased firing at preferred direction

57
Q

starburst amacrine cells

A

inhibition to null direction in DS GCs
via gaba (and Ach)

58
Q

where are starburst amacrine located?

A

INL and GCL

59
Q

x type GC

A

brightness

60
Q

y type GC

A

sensitivity to movement

61
Q

DS GC

A

movement in one direction

62
Q

blue on gcs

A

blue green information

63
Q

intrinsically photosensitive GC

A

bistratified
small
sparse
respond to light by depolarising\
non image forming functions

64
Q

____ ganglion cells exhibit _____opponent centre surround

A

midget (p) exhibit colour opponent centre surround

65
Q

non image forming GC functions
suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

circadian rhythm

66
Q

non image forming GC functions
pretectum - midbrain

A

pupil responses

67
Q

non image forming GC functions
posterior nucleus of thalamus

A

photophobia

68
Q

non image forming GC functions
superior colliculus

A

eye movement

69
Q
A

visual neuroscience <3 (14 decks)

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