The Respiratory System (Unit 2)

Question 1

What is the order of the Respiratory System?

Answer 1

Nasal Passage/Oral Cavity
Larynx/Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 2

What Muscles help with Breathing?

Answer 2

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Diaphragm
Internal Intercostal muscles
External Intercostal muscles

Question 3

What is the Pleural Membrane?

Answer 3

A pleural membrane is a double-layered serous membrane that covers each lung and lines the thoracic cavity. It allows for smooth efficient respiration

Question 4

What happens with Inhalation at Rest?

Answer 4

Diaphragm contracts pulling the thoratic cavity down. Intercostal muscles pull ribcage up and out. Also, Eternal intercostal muscles contract and push ribcage out decreasing pressure in the thoratic cavity

Question 5

What happens with Exhalation at Rest?

Answer 5

Diaphragm relaxes pushing the thoratic cavity up. Intercostal muscles relax, pushing ribs down and back in. The internal intercostal muscles pull ribcage in to increase pressure expelling air out of the thoratic cavity

Question 6

What happens with Inhalation at Exercise?

Answer 6

Sternocleidomastoid pulls the sternum further up with the intercostal muscles pushing ribs out. Diaphragm contracts, scalene contracts pulling ribs further up, pectorals help to lift ribcage further up

Question 7

What happens with Exhalation at Exercise?

Answer 7

Abdominal muscles contract pushing diaphragm up same with the obliques. Intercostal muscles squeeze ribcage and brings ribs down

Question 8

What is Tidal Volume?

Answer 8

The amount of air that can be inspired and expired in a normal breath

Question 9

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

Answer 9

The amount of air that can be inspired after maximal inspiration

Question 10

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

Answer 10

The amount of air that can be expired after maximal expiration

Question 11

What is Residual Volume?

Answer 11

The volume of air always remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration

Question 12

What is Minute Ventilation and how can you Calculate it?

Answer 12

The amount of air inspired or expired in one minute

Tidal Volume x num. of breaths per minute

Question 13

What is Vital Capacity?

Answer 13

The largest volume of air that can be breathed out after maximal inspiration

Question 14

How do you Calculate Total Lung Capacity?

Answer 14

Vital Capacity + Residual Volume

Question 15

What are the Effects of Exercise on Breathing and Tidal Volume?

Answer 15

Depth of and rate of breathing increase. Breathing rate changes to 60p/min. Tidal Volume increases to 3300ml

Question 16

What happens to each Volume when Exercising?

Answer 16

Tidal Volume at rest is 0.5, it increases

Inspiratory Reserve Volume at rest is 3.1L, it decreases

Expiratory Reserve Volume at rest is 1.2L, it decreases

Residual Volume at rest is 1.2L, it doesn’t change

Vital Capacity at rest is 4.8L, it slightly increases

Total Lung Capacity at rest is 6L, it doesn’t change

Minute Ventilation at rest is 6L, it largely increases

Question 17

What is Partial Pressure of a Gas?

Answer 17

The individual pressure that the gas exerts when it occurs in a mixture of gases

Question 18

With Altitude Training what Happens to Oxygen’s Partial Pressure?

Answer 18

At altitude, % of O2 is lower therefore PO2 is lower when training at altitude, the body produces more Red Blood Cells and therefore haemoglobin making transport of O2 to the muscles more efficient

Question 19

What is Diffusion?

Answer 19

The net movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration of partial pressure to an area of low concentration of partial pressure

Question 20

What is a Diffusion Gradient?

Answer 20

The difference between two pressures in an area

The greater the Diffusion Gradient= faster Diffusion

Question 21

Why does Glucose Breakdown affect Diffusion Gradients?

Answer 21

Breakdown of glucose to provide energy to form Adenosine trio-phosphate, this uses more oxygen. This lowers the PO2 in muscle cells and results in a steeper pressure gradient and faster diffusion

More glucose breakdown= more Co2 produced

Question 22

What Factors affect the Diffusion Process?

Answer 22

Permeability of alveoli and capillary cell walls

Short diffusion pathway from alveoli to capillary

Readiness of haemoglobin to combine with oxygen

Diffusion Gradient

Large Surface Area

Close movement of blood through narrow capillaries

Moist Lining

Question 23

What does the Inspiratory Centre do?

Answer 23

The Inspiratory Centre sends nerve impulses via the Phrenic Nerve to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles causing them to contract, forcing us to breathe in. Approximately 2 seconds later, the nerve impulses cease and we breathe out

Question 24

What is the Expiratory Centre?

Answer 24

It is a passive process with no muscular contractions involved as the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and recoil

During exercise, the Expiratory Centre stimulates the intercostal muscles and abdominals via the Intercostal Nerve to increase expiration

Question 25

How is Adrenalin a Natural Stimulant?

Answer 25

Adrenalin is created in the adrenal gland of the kidney.

Before we exercise, the brain anticipates the increased need for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and sends a message to the adrenal glands to pump adrenalin into the blood stream

Question 26

What are the Consequences of Smoking?

Answer 26

-Lung Cancer (90% of cases related to Smoking)
-Heart Disease (Smokers twice as likely)
-Stomach ulcers, colds, chest problems, allergies
-Restricts transport of oxygen to muscles and narrows respiratory airway (COPD and emphysema)