The Respiratory System (Unit 2) Flashcards
Lung Volumes Impacts, Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide, Pulmonary Ventilation and Role of Receptors, Poor Lifestyle Choices on the Respiratory System.
What is the order of the Respiratory System?
Nasal Passage/Oral Cavity
Larynx/Pharynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
What Muscles help with Breathing?
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Diaphragm
Internal Intercostal muscles
External Intercostal muscles
What is the Pleural Membrane?
A pleural membrane is a double-layered serous membrane that covers each lung and lines the thoracic cavity. It allows for smooth efficient respiration
What happens with Inhalation at Rest?
Diaphragm contracts pulling the thoratic cavity down. Intercostal muscles pull ribcage up and out. Also, Eternal intercostal muscles contract and push ribcage out decreasing pressure in the thoratic cavity
What happens with Exhalation at Rest?
Diaphragm relaxes pushing the thoratic cavity up. Intercostal muscles relax, pushing ribs down and back in. The internal intercostal muscles pull ribcage in to increase pressure expelling air out of the thoratic cavity
What happens with Inhalation at Exercise?
Sternocleidomastoid pulls the sternum further up with the intercostal muscles pushing ribs out. Diaphragm contracts, scalene contracts pulling ribs further up, pectorals help to lift ribcage further up
What happens with Exhalation at Exercise?
Abdominal muscles contract pushing diaphragm up same with the obliques. Intercostal muscles squeeze ribcage and brings ribs down
What is Tidal Volume?
The amount of air that can be inspired and expired in a normal breath
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
The amount of air that can be inspired after maximal inspiration
What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?
The amount of air that can be expired after maximal expiration
What is Residual Volume?
The volume of air always remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration
What is Minute Ventilation and how can you Calculate it?
The amount of air inspired or expired in one minute
Tidal Volume x num. of breaths per minute
What is Vital Capacity?
The largest volume of air that can be breathed out after maximal inspiration
How do you Calculate Total Lung Capacity?
Vital Capacity + Residual Volume
What are the Effects of Exercise on Breathing and Tidal Volume?
Depth of and rate of breathing increase. Breathing rate changes to 60p/min. Tidal Volume increases to 3300ml
What happens to each Volume when Exercising?
Tidal Volume at rest is 0.5, it increases
Inspiratory Reserve Volume at rest is 3.1L, it decreases
Expiratory Reserve Volume at rest is 1.2L, it decreases
Residual Volume at rest is 1.2L, it doesn’t change
Vital Capacity at rest is 4.8L, it slightly increases
Total Lung Capacity at rest is 6L, it doesn’t change
Minute Ventilation at rest is 6L, it largely increases
What is Partial Pressure of a Gas?
The individual pressure that the gas exerts when it occurs in a mixture of gases
With Altitude Training what Happens to Oxygen’s Partial Pressure?
At altitude, % of O2 is lower therefore PO2 is lower when training at altitude, the body produces more Red Blood Cells and therefore haemoglobin making transport of O2 to the muscles more efficient
What is Diffusion?
The net movement of gas molecules from an area of high concentration of partial pressure to an area of low concentration of partial pressure
What is a Diffusion Gradient?
The difference between two pressures in an area
The greater the Diffusion Gradient= faster Diffusion
Why does Glucose Breakdown affect Diffusion Gradients?
Breakdown of glucose to provide energy to form Adenosine trio-phosphate, this uses more oxygen. This lowers the PO2 in muscle cells and results in a steeper pressure gradient and faster diffusion
More glucose breakdown= more Co2 produced
What Factors affect the Diffusion Process?
Permeability of alveoli and capillary cell walls
Short diffusion pathway from alveoli to capillary
Readiness of haemoglobin to combine with oxygen
Diffusion Gradient
Large Surface Area
Close movement of blood through narrow capillaries
Moist Lining
What does the Inspiratory Centre do?
The Inspiratory Centre sends nerve impulses via the Phrenic Nerve to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles causing them to contract, forcing us to breathe in. Approximately 2 seconds later, the nerve impulses cease and we breathe out
What is the Expiratory Centre?
It is a passive process with no muscular contractions involved as the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and recoil
During exercise, the Expiratory Centre stimulates the intercostal muscles and abdominals via the Intercostal Nerve to increase expiration
