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Human Body Structure & Function > The Respiratory System - LO4 > Flashcards

The Respiratory System - LO4 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the principle functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • allow gaseous exchange between atmosphere and bloodstream
  • allow O2 to dissolve in bloodstream
  • remove CO2 from bloodstream
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2
Q

how is the anatomy of the respiratory system classified?

A

into two systems:

  • upper - nose, pharynx, larynx, tonsils, adenoid tissue
  • lower - trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lung lobes
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3
Q

what functions does the nose serve?

A
  • provides inlet for air, inhaled through each nostril
  • split into right and left nasal septum
  • warms, cleanses, and filters air before reaching nasa-pharynx
  • cilia wafts and filters air, trapping dust and bacteria with mucus
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4
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A
  • leads from back of nose and mouth
  • divides into oesophagus and trachea
  • continues to warm and moisten air
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5
Q

what are the main components of the trachea?

A
  • rings of hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle and connective tissue
  • goblet cells in epithelium secrete mucus, trapping bacteria
  • cilia on columnar epithelia waft dirt proximally
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6
Q

what do the bronchi connect?

A

connect trachea to lungs

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7
Q

what are the main characteristics of bronchi?

A
  • made of hyaline cartilage, involuntary muscle and connective tissue
  • series of tubes lined with ciliated epithelium
  • form at the carina
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8
Q

what are bronchioles?

A

small bit passages in the lungs

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9
Q

how do bronchioles differ from bronchi?

A
  • thinner and narrower than bronchi
  • end in clusters of alveoli
  • responsible for gas exchange in the lungs
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10
Q

what are alveoli?

A

tiny air sacs in the lungs

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11
Q

what is the function of alveoli?

A

site of gas exchange- oxygen enters bloodstream, and carbon dioxide exits

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12
Q

what are the characteristics of alveoli?

A
  • large surface area
  • good blood supply
  • very thin walls
  • moist lining ( surfactant)
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13
Q

what are the main features of the lungs?

A
  • membranous layer of pleura
  • split into lobes anatomically
  • right lung has three lobes, left lung has two
  • right lung is higher than left to accommodate the liver
  • superior portion of lungs called apex
  • inferior portion of lungs called base
  • protected by thoracic cavity
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14
Q

where do the lungs lie?

A

in the thoracic cavity separated by the heart

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15
Q

what forms the bony cage of the thoracic cavity?

A
  • sternum
  • costal cartilage
  • ribs
  • thoracic vertebrae
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16
Q

what is the main function of the thoracic cavity?

A

protects and encloses the heart

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17
Q

how do the lungs expand and contract during breathing?

A

both lungs rest on diaphragm, and intercostal muscles between ribs allow expansion and contraction

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18
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

a sheet of internal skeletal muscle

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19
Q

what does the diaphragm separate?

A

thoracic from abdominal cavity

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20
Q

what is the major function of the diaphragm in respiration?

A

increases thoracic volume during inhalation

21
Q

what happens when the diaphragm is in spasm?

A

hiccups may occur

22
Q

what nerve innervates the diaphragm?

A

phrenic nerve

23
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A

air enters the lungs

24
Q

what happens during expiration?

A

air exits the lungs

25
Q

describe the mechanics of breathing

A

partly mechanical, partly active, partly passive

26
Q

what occurs during inspiration regarding thoracic volume?

A

increases

27
Q

what occurs during expiration regarding thoracic volume?

A

decreases

28
Q

how do respiratory muscles contract and relax?

A

alternately during inspiration and expiration

29
Q

what is external respiration?

A

exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries

30
Q

what is internal respiration?

A

exchange of gases between tissue capillaries and tissue cells

31
Q

how do O2 and CO2 move during respiration?

A

by diffusion - down a concentration gradient

32
Q

what are the important respiratory gas laws?

A

Dalton’s law and Henry’s Law

33
Q

describe Boyle’s Law

A

pressure and volume are inversely proportional in a closed space

34
Q

what happens during inhalation/inspiration regarding thoracic volume?

A

increases

35
Q

what happens during inhalation/inspiration regarding intrapulmonary pressure?

A

decreases

36
Q

describe Charles Law

A

volume of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature

37
Q

what occurs to the volume of air as it enters the warm environment of the lungs?

A

expands

38
Q

describe Dalton’s law

A

each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure

39
Q

what does Henry’s law state?

A

the quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility coefficient

40
Q

what are the partial pressures of N2, O2 and CO2 in atmospheric air?

A

N2 - 593mmHg
O2 - 160mmHg
CO2 - 0.3mmHg

41
Q

what is the pressure difference for O2 between pulmonary circulation ad alveoli?

A

decreased PaO2 pulmonary circulation versus PAO2 alveoli

42
Q

what is the pressure difference for CO2 between pulmonary circulation and alveoli?

A

increased PaCO2 pulmonary circulation versus PACO2

43
Q

what is the partial pressure of O2 in the alveoli sac compared to the blood capillary?

A

higher in alveoli sac (105mmHg) than blood capillary (40mmHg)

44
Q

what direction of O2 movement between alveoli sac and blood capillary?

A

O2 moves from alveoli sac into blood capillary.

45
Q

how does the partial pressure of CO2 compare between blood capillary and alveoli sac?

A

higher in blood capillary than alveoli sac

46
Q

what is the direction of CO2 movement between blood capillary and alveoli sac?

A

CO2 moves from blood capillary into alveoli sac.

47
Q

describe the process of gas exchange

A
  • deoxygenated blood from heart to pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary artery to capillaries in alveoli in lungs
  • O2 diffuses into blood and CO2 diffuses out
  • capillaries carry oxygenated blood through venal into pulmonary vein
  • pulmonary vein passes blood to left atrium
  • left atrium pumps blood into left ventricle
  • left ventricle pumps blood through aortic valve into aorta
  • aorta feeds systemic circulation
48
Q

what are the percentages of O2 CO2 in the air coming into the lungs?

A

21% O2
0.04% CO2

49
Q

what are the percentages of O2 and CO2 in the air leaving the body?

A

15% O2
4.5% CO2

Human Body Structure & Function (3 decks)

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