Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P Exam 6 > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system is designed for _____.

A

gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The _____ system transports gases in blood.

A

cardiovascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The _____ consists of the back of the nose and throat.

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The voicebox is also called the _____.

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Your windpipe is also known as your _____.

A

trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The lungs consist of airways, called _____, and air sacs, called _____.

A

bronchi; alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The respiratory tract is split structurally into _____ that split at the _____.

A

upper and lower respiratory tracts; vocal cords (URT is above vocal cords, LRT is below)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Functionally, the respiratory system is divided into the _____ and the _____.

A

conducting zone; respiratory zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The _____ of the lungs consists of a series of cavities and tubes that conduct air into and out of the lungs.

A

conducting system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The conducting system of the lungs includes the _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The _____ of the lungs consists of the area where gas exchange occurs.

A

respiratory portion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The respiratory zone of the lungs includes the _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The external nasal structures are composed of _____, _____ and _____ and are lined with _____ inside.

A

skin, nasal bones and cartilage; a mucous membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The openings of the external nasal structures are called _____ or _____.

A

external nares or nostrils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The internal nose, or nasal cavity, _____.

A

a large chamber within the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The nasal septum is composed of _____ and separates the _____ into _____.

A

bone and cartilage; nasal cavity; right and left sides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The _____ (or _____) are bony swellings on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.

A

conchae (or turbinates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The _____ are hollow areas in the skull that drain into the nasal area.

A

paranasal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The olfactory epithelium is used for _____.

A

sense of smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____ epithelium with _____ lines the nasal cavity.

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The epithelium lining the nasal cavity _____ due to its high vascularity.

A

warms the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The mucous of the nasal cavity works to _____ and _____.

A

moisten air and trap dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The cilia of the nasal cavity work to _____.

A

move the mucous towards the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The turbinates (or conchae) help to _____.

A

stir up air to moisten it and trap dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The paranasal sinuses open into _____.

A

the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The paranasal sinuses are found in the _____, _____, _____, and _____ bones of the skull.

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The _____ help to lighten the skull and resonate voice.

A

paranasal sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Rhinoplasty

A

a surgical procedure in which the structure of the external nose is altered for cosmetic or functional reasons (such as fracture or septal repair)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The _____ (throat) is a muscular tube lined by a mucous membrane.

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The anatomical regions of the pharynx are the _____, _____, and _____.

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

The part of the pharynx that functions only in respiration is the _____.

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Both the _____ and the _____ function in digestion and in respiration by serving as a passageway for both air and food.

A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The tonsils, which are made of _____, help to _____.

A

lymphoid tissue; protect against invading organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The _____ is a passageway that connects the pharynx with the trachea.

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The Adam’s apple of the _____ is made of _____.

A

larynx; thyroid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

_____ connects the larynx and the trachea.

A

Cricoid cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The _____ prevents food from entering the larynx.

A

epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The _____ produce sound and are modified by other structures to produce _____.

A

vocal folds; speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The _____ is the space between the vocal folds

A

rima glottidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The _____ is the vocal folds and the space between them.

A

glottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

True vocal cord contains both _____ and _____ (_____).

A

skeletal muscle and an elastic ligament (vocal ligament)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

There are _____ muscles of the larynx that _____, _____ and _____ for sound production.

A

10; contract, move cartilages and stretch vocal cords

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

_____ is produced when air is pushed past a _____.

A

Sound; tight ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The _____ and _____ vocal cord in males produces a lower pitch sound.

A

longer and thicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The tighter the ligament, the _____ the pitch.

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

To increase the volume of sound, you _____.

A

push air harder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Opening and closing of the vocal folds occurs during _____ and _____.

A

breathing and speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Speech is _____ made by _____.

A

modified sound; the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Speech requires the _____, _____, _____ and _____ to resonate sound.

A

pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

The _____ and _____ form words.

A

tongue and lips

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Pitch is controlled by _____.

A

tension on vocal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

When a vocal fold is pulled tighter, the pitch _____.

A

becomes higher.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Male vocal cords are _____ so they vibrate _____ slowly to produce a lower pitch.

A

longer and thicker; more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Whispering is _____.

A

forcing air through almost closed rima glottidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The _____ alone forms speech when whispering.

A

oral cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Laryngitis

A

An inflammation of the larynx that is usually caused by respiratory infection or irritants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cancer of the larynx is found almost exclusively in _____.

A

smokers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

The trachea extends _____ from the _____ to where it splits into the _____.

A

12cm; larynx; primary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

The trachea is composed of _____ and _____ and is lined with _____.

A

smooth muscle and C-shaped rings of cartilage; pseodostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

The _____ of the trachea help to keep the airway open.

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

The _____ in the trachea sweep debris away from _____ and up to _____ to be swallowed.

A

cilia of the epithelium; the lungs; the throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

The trachea is composed of C-shaped rings made of _____ that are _____ closed off by _____.

A

hyaline cartilage; posteriorly; the trachealis muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Intubation or a tracheotomy is used to _____.

A

Reestablish airflow past an airway obstruction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Tracheotomy

A

An incision in the trachea below the cricoid cartilage when the larynx is obstructed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Intubation

A

Passing of a tube from the mouth or nose through the larynx and trachea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

The right and left primary (or _____) bronchi emerge from _____ to go to _____, situated in the _____.

A

mainstem; the inferior trachea; the lungs; right and left pleural cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The carina is _____ located _____.

A

an internal ridge; at the junction of the two mainstem bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

The _____ is a very sensitive area for triggering the cough reflex.

A

carina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

_____ bronchi supply each lung.

A

Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Secondary bronchi supply _____. (_____ right and _____ left)

A

each lobe of the lung; 3 right and 2 left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

The right lung has _____ lobes whereas the left lung has _____ lobes.

A

3; 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Tertiary bronchi supply _____.

A

each bronchopulmonary segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Repeated branchings of the bronchi are called _____.

A

bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

The smallest branches of bronchi are _____.

A

terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Epithelium of the bronchial tree changes from _____ to _____ as you pass deeper into the lungs.

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar; simple cuboidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

As you pass deeper into the lungs, rings of _____ on the bronchial tree are replaced by _____ which are under the control of _____.

A

cartilage; rings of smooth muscle; the autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

The _____ and the _____ release epinephrine which _____ smooth muscle and _____ airways.

A

sympathetic NS; adrenal gland; relaxes; dilates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

The parasympathetic NS causes airways to _____.

A

constrict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Asthma attacks and allergic reactions constrict _____.

A

distal bronchiole smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Nebulization therapy

A

Inhalation of a mist with sympathomimetic chemicals that relax smooth muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

The pleural cavity is the _____.

A

potential space between the ribs and the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

The lungs are located in the _____ cavity.

A

thoracic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

The apex of the lung extends _____ and the base _____.

A

slightly above the clavicles; rests on the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Between the _____ and _____ pleurae is a _____ called the pleural cavity that contains _____ secreted by the membranes.

A

visceral and parietal; small potential space; lubricating pleural fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

The right lung is divided into _____ lobes by the _____.

A

3; oblique and horizontal fissures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

The left lung is divided into _____ lobes by the _____;

A

2; oblique fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Blood vessels and airways enter the lungs at _____.

A

hilus

88
Q

The _____ form the root of the lungs.

A

hilium and its contents

89
Q

The mediastinal surface of the lungs is covered with _____ and is the point where _____ becomes _____.

A

pleura; parietal pleura; visceral pleura

90
Q

_____ bronchioles open into _____ bronchioles in each lobe of the lungs.

A

terminal; respiratory

91
Q

Respiratory bronchioles are made of _____.

A

simple squamous epithelium

92
Q

Alveolar ducts open into _____ and _____.

A

alveolar sacs and alveoli

93
Q

_____ bronchioles open into _____ ducts.

A

Respiratory; alveolar

94
Q

Type I alveolar cells are made of _____ and are the sites where _____ occurs.

A

simple squamous cells; gas exchange

95
Q

Type II alveolar cells (_____) secrete _____ that contains _____.

A

septal cells; alveolar fluid; surfactant

96
Q

Surfactant, which is secreted by _____, helps keep lungs open by _____.

A

type II alveolar (septal) cells; decreasing surface tension

97
Q

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

A

A disorder occurring in premature babies due to a lack of surfactant.

98
Q

_____ are wandering macrophages in the lungs that remove debris.

A

Alveolar dust cells

99
Q

Deoxygenated blood arrives in the lungs through _____ from _____.

A

the pulmonary truck; the right ventricle

100
Q

_____ branch off of the _____ to supply oxygenated blood to lung tissue.

A

Bronchial arteries; aorta

101
Q

Respiration occurs in 4 basic steps: 1) _____, 2) _____, 3) _____ and 4) _____

A

1) pulmonary ventilation, 2) external respiration, 3) internal respiration and 4) cellular respiration

102
Q

Pulmonary Respiration

A

Air moving in and out of the lungs (breathing)

103
Q

External Respiration

A

Pulmonary gas exchange

104
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Tissue gas exchange

105
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Cells utilize oxygen during glucose catabolism and release carbon dioxide.

106
Q

The _____ and _____ contract, causing the atmospheric pressure inside of the lungs to be _____ than the atmospheric pressure outside of the lungs and _____ occurs.

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles; less; inspiration

107
Q

The _____ and _____ relax, causing the atmospheric pressure inside of the lungs to be _____ than the atmospheric pressure outside of the lungs and _____ occurs.

A

diaphragm and external intercostal muscles; greater; expiration

108
Q

During forced expiration, both the _____ and the _____ muscles _____.

A

internal intercostal and abdominal; contract

109
Q

Breathing in requires _____ and _____.

A

muscular activity and chest size changes

110
Q

Inhalation occurs when _____ pressure falls below _____.

A

alveolar (intrapulmonic); atmospheric pressure

111
Q

During forced inhalation the _____, _____ and _____ are also used.

A

sternocleidomastoids, scalenes and pectoralis minor

112
Q

During quiet inspiration, the diaphragm moves _____ and the ribs are lifted by the _____. The _____ pressure falls and _____ of air is inhaled.

A

1cm; external intercostal muscles

intrathoracic; 2-3L

113
Q

Exhalation occurs when _____ pressure rises above _____.

A

alveolar pressure; atmospheric pressure

114
Q

Exhalation becomes active during _____.

A

labored breathing

115
Q

Forced expiration employs _____ of the _____ and _____ muscles.

A

contraction; internal intercostals and abdominal

116
Q

Quiet expiration is a _____ process with _____ muscle action.

A

passive; no

117
Q

_____ and _____ pull the ribs inward during quiet expiration.

A

Elastic recoil and surface tension in the alveoli

118
Q

The thin layer of fluid in the alveoli creates _____ and make the airways _____.

A

surface tension; difficult to open

119
Q

A detergent- like substance called _____ lowers alveolar surface tension.

A

surfactant

120
Q

Lack of surfactant causes the alveoli _____.

A

to collapse at the end of each expiration

121
Q

Compliance of the lungs is _____.

A

the ease with which the lungs and chest wall expand.

122
Q

Compliance of the lungs can be decreased by _____ from diseases like _____, or by _____ which is _____ and reduced _____.

A

scar tissue; tuberculosis; pulmonary edema; fluid in the lungs; surfactant

123
Q

Resistance to airflow depends on _____.

A

airway size

124
Q

Resistance of airflow can be increased by _____ and _____.

A

inflammation of airways and constriction of smooth muscle

125
Q

Eupnea

A

A normal variation in breathing rate and depth

126
Q

Apnea

A

When one stops breathing

127
Q

Dyspnea

A

Relates to difficult or painful breathing

128
Q

Tachypnea

A

Rapid breathing rate

129
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A

The usual mode of operation to move air by contracting and relaxing the diaphragm to change the lung volume

130
Q

Costal breathing

A

Requires combinations of various patterns of intercostal and extracostal muscles, usually during need to increase ventilation, as with exercise.

131
Q

Modified respiratory movements

A

Used to express emotions and to clear air passageways

132
Q

Coughing

A

deep inspiration, closure of rima glottidis and strong expiration blasts air out to clear respiratory passageways

133
Q

Hiccuping

A

Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm and quick closure of the rima glottidis produce sharp inspiratory sound.

134
Q

Valsava

A

Forced expiration against a closed rima glottidis (straining, defecating)

135
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air moved during quiet breathing

136
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be breathed in beyond normal inspiration

137
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be breathed out beyond normal expiration

138
Q

Vital capacity

A

The maximum amount of air that can be forcefully breathed in and out

139
Q

Residual volume

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

140
Q

Total lung capacity

A

The vital capacity plus the residual capacity

141
Q

Air is _____% oxygen, _____% nitrogen and _____% carbon dioxide.

A

21% 79%; .04%

142
Q

Expelled air is _____% oxygen, _____% nitrogen and _____% carbon dioxide.

A

16%; 79%; 4.5%

143
Q

The partial pressure of a gas is _____. It is dependent on both the _____ and the ____ of that gas and is symbolized by _____.

A

the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of gasses; pressure and concentration; P

144
Q

Boyle’s law states that _____.

A

there is an inverse relationship between the volume and the pressure of a gas

145
Q

Henry’s law states that _____. (i.e. breathing oxygen under pressure dissolves _____ oxygen in blood)

A

the quantity of a gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas; more

146
Q

Hyperbaric oxygenation is _____ and is used for treatment of _____ such as _____ because _____.

A

the use of pressure to dissolve more oxygen into the blood; anaerobic bacterial infections; tetanus and gangrene; anaerobic bacteria die in the presence of oxygen

147
Q

External respiration is _____. Oxygen moves from _____ into _____ so blood becomes _____. Carbon dioxide moves from _____ into _____.

A

the exchange of gases from the lungs to circulation
the lungs into circulation; oxygenated
circulation into the lungs

148
Q

Some oxygen is dissolved in the _____ as a gas but most is _____.

A

plasma; attached to hemoglobin

149
Q

Oxygenated hemoglobin is called _____.

A

oxyhemoglobin

150
Q

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in three form: _____ (_____%), _____ (_____%) and _____ (_____%)

A

dissolved in plasma as a gas (7%), converted into carbonic acid (70%) and attached to part of Hb (23%)

151
Q

Carbon dioxide is converted into _____ through the action of an enzyme called _____.

A

carbonic acid; carbonic anhydrase

152
Q

Internal respiration is _____. Oxygen moves from _____ into _____ so blood becomes _____. Carbon dioxide moves from _____ into _____.

A

the exchange of gases between blood and tissues
blood into tissues; deoxygenated
tissues into blood

153
Q

Hemoglobin consists of a protein portion called _____ and a pigment portion called _____.

A

globin; heme

154
Q

Each heme contains _____ of iron, each of which is capable of combining with _____ of oxygen.

A

4 atoms; 1 molecule

155
Q

The most important factor that determines how much oxygen can combine with hemoglobin is _____.

A

the partial pressure of oxygen

156
Q

The amount of Hb saturated with oxygen is called _____.

A

SaO2

157
Q

Blood leaving the lungs has Hb that is _____ called _____.

A

fully saturated; oxyhemoglobin

158
Q

The SaO2 of blood leaving the lungs is _____ and _____ of the 4 oxygen binding sites on hemoglobin are occupied.

A

close to 95-98%; 4

159
Q

When blood returns to the lungs, _____ of the 4 oxygen binding sites are occupied and the SaO2 is _____.

A

3; 75%

160
Q

Blood becomes almost fully saturated when the P of oxygen reaches _____.

A

60mm Hg

161
Q

In an acidic environment, oxygen splits _____ readily from hemoglobin.

A

more

162
Q

In a basic environment, oxygen splits _____ readily from hemoglobin.

A

less

163
Q

_____ causes the release of oxygen from Hb.

A

Carbon dioxide

164
Q

As temperature increases, the amount of oxygen released from Hb _____.

A

increases

165
Q

Active cells (such as contracting muscles) liberate _____ acid and heat which _____ oxyhemoglobin to _____.

A

more; stimulates; release its oxygen

166
Q

The Bohr effect states that as acidity increases, oxygen’s affinity to Hb _____. _____ binds to the hemoglobin and _____. _____ is left behind in the tissues.

A

decreases
Hydrogen; alters it
Oxygen

167
Q

Fetal hemoglobin differs from adults in _____. When the P of oxygen is low, fetal hemoglobin carries _____ oxygen.

A

structure and oxygen affinity

more

168
Q

Maternal blood in the placenta has _____ oxygen.

A

less

169
Q

_____ can bind to Hb more successfully than oxygen and can displace oxygen from the heme group. This causes _____ which is treated with _____.

A

CO; CO poisoning; pure oxygen

170
Q

When carbon dioxide combines with the globin of Hb it forms _____ which makes up _____% of the carbon dioxide in the blood.

A

carbaminohemoglobin; 23%

171
Q

Nerve impulses are sent to the respiratory system from the _____ and _____ in the brainstem.

A

pons and medulla

172
Q

Respiratory rhythm is controlled by the _____ of the _____.

A

medullary rhythmicity area; medulla

173
Q

The ceasing of inhalation is controlled by the _____ of the _____.

A

pneumotaxic area; pons

174
Q

Transition between inhalation and exhalation is controlled by the _____ of the _____.

A

apneustic area; pons

175
Q

The respiratory pressure is controlled by _____ in the _____ and _____.

A

neurons; pons and medulla

176
Q

The three groups of neurons that control the respiratory pressure are: _____, _____ and _____.

A

medullary rhythmicity, pneumotaxic and apneustic centers

177
Q

Chemical regulation of respiration is done by _____ and _____.

A

central and peripheral chemoreceptors

178
Q

Central chemoreceptors, which are found in _____, respond to changes in _____ or _____..

A

the medulla; hydrogen or PCO2

179
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors, which are found in _____ (_____) and _____ (_____), respond to changes in _____, _____ or _____.

A

the wall of the aorta (aortic body) and the walls of common carotid arteries (carotid bodies); hydrogen, PO2 or PCO2

180
Q

_____ may voluntarily alter breathing pattern.

A

Cortical influences

181
Q

_____ allow conscious control of respiration that may be need to avoid _____.

A

Cortical influences; inhaling noxious gasses or water.

182
Q

Voluntary breath holding is limited by the overriding stimuli of _____.

A

increased H+ and CO2

183
Q

_____ of joints and muscles activate the _____ to increase _____ prior to exercise induced oxygen need.

A

Proprioceptors; inspiratory center; ventilation

184
Q

The Hering-Breuer reflex detects _____ with _____ and limits it depending on _____ and _____.

A

lung expansion; stretch receptors; ventilation need and prevention of damage

185
Q

The Hering-Breuer reflex is also called the _____.

A

inflation reflex

186
Q

Hypoxia

A

Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

187
Q

Hypoxic hypoxia is caused by _____. (ex: _____)

A

low PO2 in arterial blood; high altitude, airway obstruction, fluid in lungs

188
Q

Anemic hypoxia is caused by _____. (ex: _____)

A

too few functioning Hb in the blood; hemorrhage, anemia, CO poisoning

189
Q

Stagnant hypoxia is caused by _____. (ex: _____)

A

the inability of blood to carry O2 to tissues fast enough to sustain their needs; CV failure, circulatory shock

190
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia is caused by _____. (ex: _____)

A

the blood delivering adequate amounts of O2 to the tissues but the tissues being unable to use it properly; cyanide poisoning

191
Q

The respiratory system works with the cardiovascular system to _____.

A

make appropriate adjustments for different exercise intensities and durations.

192
Q

Nicotine constricts _____.

A

terminal bronchioles

193
Q

CO in smoke binds to _____.

A

Hb

194
Q

Irritants in smoke cause _____ and inhibit _____.

A

excess mucus secretion; movements of cilia

195
Q

In time, smoking destroys the _____ in lungs and leads to _____.

A

elastic fibers; emphysema

196
Q

Emphysema leads to _____, _____ and _____.

A

air being trapped in alveoli, alveoli rupturing and reduced gas exchange

197
Q

The _____ and _____ become more rigid as we age.

A

respiratory tissues and chest wall

198
Q

Vital capacity decreases _____% by age _____.

A

35%; 70

199
Q

Macrophage activity _____ with age.

A

decreases

200
Q

Ciliary action _____ with age.

A

decreases

201
Q

Blood oxygen levels _____ with age.

A

decrease

202
Q

As we age, we are more susceptible to _____ and _____.

A

pneumonia and bronchitis

203
Q

Pneumothorax results from _____ that lets air _____.

A

injuries to the chest wall or airways; enter the intrapleural space

204
Q

In a pneumothorax, _____ and _____ causes the lung to _____.

A

surface tension and recoil of elastic fibers; collapse

205
Q

Three examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) are: _____, _____ and _____.

A

emphysema, chronic bronchitis and lung cancer

206
Q

COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; A type of respiratory disorder characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction of air flow, which increases airway resistance

207
Q

Bronchitis

A

An inflammation of the bronchial tubes, the main symptom of which is a productive cough.

208
Q

Chronic bronchitis is due to _____ and _____.

A

persistent infections and smoking

209
Q

In _____ (lung cancer), _____ are replaced by cancer cells after constant irritation has disrupted _____ of the _____. Airways are often _____ and _____ (spreading) is very common.

A

bronchogenic carcinoma; bronchial epithelial cells; the normal growth, division, and function of the epithelial cells
blocked; metastasis

210
Q

Pneumonia is _____. The most common cause is the _____ but _____ may be involved. Treatment involves _____ with _____ and _____ when needed.

A

an acute infection of the alveoli
pneumococcal bacteria; other microbes may be involved
antibiotics; bronchodilators; oxygen

211
Q

Tuberculosis (TB) is _____ produced by the organism _____. It is _____ and destroys _____, leaving _____ behind.

A

an inflammation of pleurae and lungs; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
communicable; lung tissue; nonfunctional fibrous tissue

212
Q

_____ (common cold) is caused by _____ and is not usually accompanied by a fever, whereas _____ (the flu) is usually accompanied by a fever greater than _____.

A

Coryza; viruses; influenza; 101 degrees F

213
Q

Pulmonary edema refers to _____ and may be _____ or _____ in origin.

A

an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs; pulmonary or cardiac

214
Q

Cystic fibrosis is _____ that affects the _____, _____, _____ and _____.

A

an inherited disease of secretory epithelia; respiratory passageways, pancreas, salivary glands and sweat glands

215
Q

Asbestos related diseases result from _____ and can cause _____ and _____.

A

inhaling asbestos particles; lung scarring and mesothelioma

216
Q

SIDS is _____. Peak incidence is ages _____ to _____. The exact cause is _____ but _____ is a contributing factor.

A

the sudden unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant.
2 to 4 months
unknown; smoking

217
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is _____ that causes _____.

A

an emerging infectious disease; rapid lung failure

A&P Exam 6 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions