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A&P Exam 6 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Food contains _____ and _____ the body needs in order to _____. It must be broken down through _____ and _____ digestion to molecular size before it can be _____ and used by _____.

A

substances and energy; construct all cell components

chemical and mechanical; absorbed; cells

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2
Q

_____ is the medical profession that studies the structures, functions, and disorders of the digestive tract.

A

Gastroenterology

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3
Q

The _____ and _____ transport food.

A

pharynx and esophagus

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4
Q

The stomach functions in _____ and the absorption of _____ and _____.

A

mechanical disruption; water and alcohol

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5
Q

The small intestine function in _____ and _____ as well as _____.

A

chemical and mechanical digestion; absorption

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6
Q

The large intestine absorbs _____, _____ and _____.

A

water, electrolytes and vitamins B and K

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7
Q

The _____ is the tube open at both ends for _____ during processing.

A

GI tract; the transit of food

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8
Q

The functional segments of the GI tract include: _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____.

A

the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

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9
Q

The accessory structures of the GI tract that contribute to food processing include: _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____.

A

the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas

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10
Q

Digestion includes 6 basic processes: 1) _____, 2) _____, 3) _____, 4) _____, 5) _____ and 6) _____.

A

1) ingestion, 2) secretion 3) mixing and propulsion, 4) digestion, 5) absorption and 6) defecation

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11
Q

Ingestion

A

Taking food into the mouth (eating)

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12
Q

Secretion

A

The release of water, acid, buffers and enzymes into the lumen of the GI tract

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13
Q

Mixing and Propulsion (_____) result from _____.

A

movement; the alternating contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscles within the walls of the GI tract

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14
Q

Digestion

A

Breaking down of food

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15
Q

Mechanical digestion consists of _____.

A

movements of the GI tract that aid in chemical digestion

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16
Q

Chemical digestion is _____ that _____ into _____ that are _____.

A

a series of catabolic reactions that break down large carbohydrates, lipid and protein food molecules into smaller molecules that are usable by body cells

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17
Q

Absorption

A

The passage of end products of digestion from the GI tract into blood or lymph for distribution to cells

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18
Q

Defecation

A

Emptying of the rectum, eliminating indigestible substances from the GI tract

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19
Q

Mechanical digestion includes: _____ (chewing), _____, _____ to increase contact of _____ with _____, and _____

A

mastication; swallowing; mixing; food with digestive chemicals; peristalsis

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20
Q

Peristalsis is _____ that facilitates _____.

A

the movement of muscles within the GI tract that facilitates movement of food

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21
Q

Chemical digestion is mainly accomplished by _____ (_____).

A

using water to break chemical bonds (hydrolysis)

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22
Q

During chemical digestion, fats are broken down into _____ and _____, carbohydrates are broken down from _____ into _____, and proteins are broken down into _____ and _____.

A

fatty acids and glycerol; polysaccharides into monosaccharides; polypeptides and amino acids

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23
Q

The layers of the GI tract (from deep to superficial) are _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

the mucosal layer, submucosal layer, muscularis layer, and serosa layer

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24
Q

The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of _____ that extend from _____ to _____.

A

neurons; the esophagus to the anus

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25
Q

The ENS controls _____ and _____ and can function _____.

A

motility and secretions; independently of the CNS

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26
Q

Gastrointestinal reflex pathways, which are part of the _____, regulate _____ and _____ in response to _____ (_____ and _____)

A

ENS; secretions and motility; contents in the lumen (chemicals and stretch)

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27
Q

_____ and _____ can monitor and modify activity of the ENS.

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

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28
Q

The _____ is the serous membrane of the abdomen.

A

peritoneum

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29
Q

The _____ and _____ lie on the _____ abdominal wall behind the peritoneum and are called _____.

A

kidneys and pancreas; posterior; retroperitoneal

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30
Q

The _____ is the potential space between the parietal and visceral portions of the peritoneum and contains _____.

A

peritoneal cavity; serous fluid

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31
Q

The peritoneum contain large folds that _____, functioning to _____ and contain _____.

A

weave between the viscera; support organs; blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves of the abdominal organs

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32
Q

Extensions of the peritoneum include the _____, _____ and _____.

A

mesentery, mesocolon and greater omentum

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33
Q

The greater omentum is _____ containing _____ that _____.

A

a fat; a flap of peritoneum; covers and protects the intestines

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34
Q

Peritonitis is _____ caused by _____.

A

an acute inflammation of the peritoneum; contamination by infection microbes during surgery or from rupture of abdominal organs

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35
Q

The mouth (_____ or _____) is formed by _____, _____ and _____, _____ (_____), and _____.

A

oral or buccal cavity; the cheeks, hard and soft palate, lips (labia) and tongue

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36
Q

There are three pairs of salivary glands: _____ are located _____, _____ are located _____, and _____ are located _____.

A

parotid are located on the angle of the jaw, submandibular are located under the jaw, and sublingual are located under the tongue

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37
Q

Saliva _____ and _____ food and starts the _____. It also functions to _____.

A

lubricates and dissolves; chemical digestion of carbohydrates
keep the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat moist

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38
Q

Saliva is _____% _____ and also contains _____, _____, and _____.

A

99.5% water; mucous, amylase and lysozyme

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39
Q

Mucous in saliva functions to _____.

A

moisten food for easier swallowing

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40
Q

Amylase in saliva is _____.

A

an enzyme for starch digestion

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41
Q

Lysozyme in saliva is _____.

A

an enzyme that helps destroy bacteria

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42
Q

Mumps is a _____ that _____.

A

a virus that infects the parotid salivary glands

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43
Q

The _____ and _____ form the floor of the oral cavity.

A

tongue and its associated muscle

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44
Q

The tongue aids in _____ and _____.

A

chewing and speech

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45
Q

The _____ and _____ of the tongue are covered with _____ that contain _____.

A

upper surface and sides; papillae; taste buds

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46
Q

The structures of a tooth include: _____, _____, _____, _____ and _____ (_____).

A

the crown, neck, roots, pulp cavity and gingiva (gum)

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47
Q

_____ covers the chewing surface of the tooth.

A

Enamel

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48
Q

_____ is the hardest substance in the body.

A

Enamel

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49
Q

_____ forms the basic tooth shape.

A

Dentin

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50
Q

_____ holds the tooth in its socket.

A

Cementum

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51
Q

You have _____ (_____) or baby teeth.

A

20 deciduous (primary)

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52
Q

You have _____ (_____) or adult teeth.

A

32 permanent (secondary)

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53
Q

Mechanical digestion involves _____ to break food into pieces and mix it with _____ to form a _____, or a _____

A

mastication; saliva; bolus; wad of food

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54
Q

In chemical digestion, _____ begins starch digestion and _____ begins the breakdown of triglycerides (fats).

A

amylase; lingual lipase

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55
Q

The _____ is a funnel-shaped tube extending from the _____ to the _____ (posteriorly) and the _____ (anteriorly).

A

pharynx; internal nares; esophagus; larynx

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56
Q

The pharynx is composed of _____ lined by _____.

A

skeletal muscle; mucous membrane

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57
Q

_____ (swallowing) is facilitated by _____ and _____.

A

Deglutition; saliva and mucus

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58
Q

The swallowing center is located _____.

A

in the brainstem

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59
Q

During deglutition (_____), the _____ is lifted to close the _____ and the _____ is bent to cover the _____.

A

swallowing; soft palate; nasopharynx; epiglottis; glottis

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60
Q

The _____ is a collapsible, muscular tube that lies behind _____ and connects the _____ to the _____.

A

esophagus; the trachea; pharynx; stomach

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61
Q

The role of the esophagus is to _____ and _____.

A

secrete mucus and transport food to the stomach

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62
Q

The esophagus has an upper and lower _____.

A

esophageal sphincter

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63
Q

The esophagus is located in front of _____, posterior to _____ and pierces the _____ and the _____.

A

vertebrae; the trachea; diaphragm; hiatus

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64
Q

During the voluntary phase of swallowing, the tongue _____.

A

pushes food to the back of the oral cavity

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65
Q

The involuntary phase of swallowing is also known as the _____.

A

pharyngeal stage

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66
Q

During the involuntary phase of swallowing, _____ stops,the _____ and _____ close and the _____ and _____ are lifted to close off the _____. As the _____ is lifted the _____ is bent over the airway to cover it.

A

breathing; airways and vocal cords; soft palate and uvula; nasopharynx;
larynx; epiglottis

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67
Q

The _____ relaxes when the larynx is lifted.

A

upper sphincter of the epiglottis

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68
Q

The _____ relaxes as food approaches.

A

lower sphincter of the epiglottis

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69
Q

GERD is caused when _____ and causes _____ resulting in _____.
Worsening or the condition can be caused by _____ and _____ which cause the _____ to relax or because or a _____ or a _____.

A

the lower esophageal sphincter fails to close; stomach acid to enter the esophagus; heartburn
smoking and alcohol; sphincter; hiatal hernia or a diaphragmatic hernia

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70
Q

The stomach has a _____ enlargement of the GI tract that begins at the _____ and ends at the _____. It serves as _____, begins the _____, and continues the _____, converting a _____ into a liquid called _____. It can also absorb some substances like _____ and _____.

A

J-shaped; bottom of the esophagus; pyloric sphincter
a mixing and holding area for food; digestion of proteins; digestion of triglycerides; bolus; chyme
water and alcohol

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71
Q

The stomach empties as small squirts of _____ leave through the _____.

A

chyme; pyloric sphincter

72
Q

The four parts of the stomach are: _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

the cardia, fundus, body and pylorus

73
Q

The _____ side of the stomach can stretch due to _____ called _____.

A

left; folds; rugae

74
Q

Pyloric stenosis is _____ that causes _____ that _____ and is indicated by _____. It can be corrected with _____.

A

an abnormality of the pyloric sphincter in infants; a narrowing of the sphincter that traps food in the stomach; projectile vomiting; surgery

75
Q

Mechanical digestion consists of peristaltic movements called _____.

A

mixing waves

76
Q

_____ breaks down proteins into peptides.

A

Pepsin

77
Q

_____ is secreted by the stomach’s _____ cells to denature proteins and kill bacteria.

A

HCl; parietal

78
Q

There is a _____ thick layer of mucus in the stomach to protect it from being digested.

A

1-3 mm

79
Q

The pancreas is divided into a _____, _____ and _____ and is connected to the _____ via the _____.

A

head, body and tail; duodenum; pancreatic duct

80
Q

_____ secretes a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice.

A

Acini

81
Q

Acini is the _____.

A

exocrine pancreas

82
Q

_____ quarts of pancreatic juice are produced each day and has a pH of _____.

A

1 1/2; 7.1-8.2

83
Q

The hormone _____ causes pancreatic juices to be released when stomach acid hit the _____.

A

secretin; duodenum

84
Q

Amylase digests _____.

A

starches

85
Q

Lipase digests _____.

A

fats

86
Q

Proteases digest _____.

A

proteins

87
Q

Ribonuclease digests _____.

A

RNA

88
Q

Deoxyribonuclease digests _____.

A

DNA

89
Q

Acute pancreatitis is associated with _____ or _____ and results in a secretion of _____ which _____.

A

heavy alcohol consumption or biliary tract obstruction; trypsin; gets stuck in the pancreas and the pancreas starts to digest itself

90
Q

The _____ is the heaviest gland in the body and is the second largest organ after the _____.

A

liver; skin

91
Q

The liver is divisible into _____ and _____ lobes that are separated by an extension of the _____ called the _____.

A

right and left; peritoneum; falciform ligament

92
Q

The _____ is a sac located in a depression on the posterior surface of the liver that stores and concentrates _____.

A

gallbladder; bile

93
Q

The liver receives a double supply of blood from the _____ and the _____.

A

hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein

94
Q

The hepatic portal veins leads from the _____ to the _____.

A

intestines; liver

95
Q

All blood eventually leaves the liver through the _____.

A

hepatic portal vein

96
Q

Bile is secreted by _____ (liver cells) and is _____ in color.

A

hepatocytes; yellow-green

97
Q

Bile helps to _____.

A

emulsify fats

98
Q

Bile passes from the _____ to _____ and empties into the _____.

A

bile canaliculi; bile ducts; duodenum

99
Q

Jaundice is a yellowish coloration of the _____, _____ and _____ due to _____.

A

sclera, skin and mucous membranes; bilirubin

100
Q

The liver functions in catabolism of _____, _____, and _____, processing of _____ and _____, production and excretion of _____, storage of _____ as well as some ______ and _____, recycling old _____ and _____, and in the activation of _____.

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids; drugs and hormones; bile; carbohydrates as well as some vitamins and mineral; RBCs and WBCs; vitamin D

101
Q

The small intestine is _____ long.

A

20 feet

102
Q

The 3 parts of the small intestine are the _____, _____ and _____.

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

103
Q

_____ takes place in the duodenum.

A

Chemical digestion

104
Q

_____ and _____ take place in the jejunum

A

Chemical and mechanical digestion and absorption

105
Q

_____ takes place in the ileum which ends at the _____.

A

Absorption; ileocecal valve

106
Q

The mucosa in the small intestines from finger-like _____ that increase the _____ that is available for absorption.

A

villi; surface area of the epithelium

107
Q

Embedded in the villus is a _____ (_____) for _____ and is where digested _____ and _____ enter the blood capillaries.

A

lacteal (lymphatic capillary); fat absorption; proteins and carbohydrates

108
Q

Epithelial cells of the villi feature _____ which _____ even further.

A

microvilli; increase the surface area of the epithelium

109
Q

_____ make up the brush border which also contains several _____.

A

Microvilli; enzymes

110
Q

Peristalsis of the small intestines is _____ compared to that of the stomach.

A

weak

111
Q

Chyme remains in the small intestines for _____.

A

3 to 5 hours

112
Q

Segmentation is the _____.

A

local mixing of chyme with intestinal juices

113
Q

_____, _____ and _____ break down carbohydrates.

A

Maltase, sucrase and lactase

114
Q

_____ and _____ are brush border enzymes that break down proteins.

A

Aminopeptidase and dipeptidase

115
Q

_____ and _____ break down nucleotides.

A

Nucleotidase and phosphatase

116
Q

_____, _____ and _____ are brush borders enzymes that break down the disaccharides _____, _____ and _____.

A

Maltase, sucrase and lactase; maltose, sucrose and lactose

117
Q

Pepsin turns proteins into _____.

A

peptides

118
Q

The pancreas secretes _____, _____ and _____.

A

trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase

119
Q

_____ is secreted in the mouth to digest lipids.

A

Lingual lipase

120
Q

_____ is secreted in the stomach to digest lipids.

A

Gastric lipase

121
Q

_____ and _____ are secreted in the small intestine to digest lipids.

A

Bile and pancreatic lipase

122
Q

Nucleic acids are broken down into _____ for absorption.

A

nucleotides

123
Q

Nucleotides are absorbed by _____ transport.

A

active

124
Q

Absorption occurs by _____, _____, _____ and _____.

A

diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport

125
Q

Carbohydrates are broken down and absorbed as _____ in the _____.

A

monosaccharides; villus

126
Q

Most proteins are broken down and absorbed as _____, _____ and _____ by _____ processes in the _____.

A

amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides; active transport; villus

127
Q

Lipids are broken down and absorbed as _____ and _____.

A

fatty acids and monoglycerides

128
Q

Lipids break down and form lipid-protein complexes called _____ that are transported via _____.

A

chylomicrons; lacteals

129
Q

Lacteals are _____ in the _____.

A

lymph vessels in the villus

130
Q

Most lipids are transported in the blood in combination with _____ as _____.

A

proteins as lipoproteins

131
Q

Many of the electrolytes absorbed by the _____ come from _____ and some are part of _____.

A

small intestine; gastrointestinal secretions; digested foods and liquids

132
Q

Electrolytes enter _____ cells by _____ and _____.

A

epithelial; diffusion and active transport

133
Q

Intestinal calcium absorption requires _____ and _____.

A

vitamin D and PTH

134
Q

The fat-soluble vitamins are _____.

A

A, D, E and K

135
Q

The water-soluble vitamins are _____.

A

B and C

136
Q

B12 combines with _____ before it is transported into the cells.

A

intrinsic factor

137
Q

Intrinsic factor is produced by the _____.

A

stomach

138
Q

All water absorption of the GI tract occurs by _____ from the _____ of the intestines through the _____ and into _____.

A

osmosis; lumen; epithelial cells; blood capillaries

139
Q

The absorption of water depends on the absorption of _____ and _____ to maintain an _____ with the blood.

A

electrolytes and nutrients; osmotic balance

140
Q

_____ of fluid are dumped into the GI tract each day, _____ of which are reabsorbed by the small intestine.

A

9L; 8L

141
Q

Of the _____ of fluid dumped into the GI tract each day, _____% of the _____ is reabsorbed by the large intestine.

A

9L; 90% of the last liter

142
Q

The large intestine is _____ long and is _____ in diameter.

A

5 feet; 2 1/2 in

143
Q

The _____ is the last 8 inches of the GI tract.

A

rectum

144
Q

The _____ is the last inch of the GI tract.

A

anal canal

145
Q

The internal sphincter of the anal canal is make of _____ muscle and is _____.

A

smooth; involuntary

146
Q

The external sphincter of the anal canal is make of _____ muscle and is _____.

A

skeletal; voluntary

147
Q

Symptoms of appendicitis are _____ temperature, _____ WBC count, _____ count above 75%, _____ pain that localizes in the _____ quadrant, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.

A

high; elevated; neutrophil; referred; right lower

148
Q

With appendicitis, infection can progress to _____ and perforation within _____ hours.

A

gangrene; 24-36

149
Q

The colon has a series of pouches called _____.

A

haustra

150
Q

Mechanical movements of the large intestine include _____, _____ and _____.

A

haustral churning, peristalsis and mass peristalsis

151
Q

The _____ holds bacteria that aid in digestion.

A

cecum

152
Q

No _____ are secreted by the large intestine - only _____.

A

enzymes; mucus

153
Q

Bacteria in the large intestine ferment undigested carbohydrates into _____ and _____.

A

CO2 and methane gas

154
Q

Bacteria in the large intestine ferment undigested proteins into _____ that produce _____.

A

indoles; odor

155
Q

Bacteria in the large intestine turn bilirubin into _____ that produce _____.

A

simpler substances; color

156
Q

Bacteria in the colon produce _____ and _____.

A

vitamins K and B

157
Q

The colon mainly absorbs _____ and _____.

A

electrolytes and water

158
Q

after _____ hours, _____% of water has been removed from chyme.

A

3-10; 90%

159
Q

Feces is composed of dead _____, _____ (such as _____) and _____ (living and dead)

A

epithelial cells, undigested food (such as cellulose) and bacteria

160
Q

Diarrhea is caused when _____ and water is not reabsorbed.

A

chyme passes too quickly through the intestine

161
Q

Constipation is caused from a decrease in _____.

A

intestinal motility

162
Q

The phases of digestion are: _____, _____ and _____.

A

cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal phase

163
Q

The _____ is initiated by sensory receptors in the head and prepares the _____ and _____ for food that is about to be eaten.

A

cephalic phase; mouth and stomach

164
Q

The part of the brain that initiates the cephalic phase is the _____.

A

cerebral cortex

165
Q

In the gastric phase of digestion, _____ keeps the stomach active and _____ increases stomach secretion and churning.

A

parasympathetic nervous control; gastrin

166
Q

In the intestinal phase of digestion, stretch receptors, fatty acids or sugar in the intestine signal the _____ and _____ nerves slow _____ and increase _____.

A

medulla; sympathetic; stomach activity; intestinal activity

167
Q

_____ stimulates the flow of _____ to increase pH when acid enters the duodenum.

A

Secretin; bicarbonate ions

168
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the secretion of _____.

A

digestive enzymes

169
Q

Dental caries (tooth decay) is started by _____ that reside in _____, act on _____, and demineralize _____ and _____ with acid.

A

acid-producing bacteria; dental plaque; sugars; tooth enamel and dentin

170
Q

Periodontal diseases are characterized in inflammation and degeneration of the _____ and _____.

A

gingivae and alveolar bone

171
Q

_____ are crater-like lesions that develop in the mucous membrane of the GI tract in areas exposed to _____.

A

Peptic ulcers; gastric juice

172
Q

The 3 well-defined causes of peptic ulcer disease are: _____, _____ and _____.

A

H. pylori, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin and hypersecretion of HCl

173
Q

_____ are sac-like outpouchings of the wall of the colon in places where _____ has becomes weak.

A

Diverticula; the muscle layer

174
Q

_____ is an inflammation of the liver and can be caused by viruses, drugs, and chemical, including alcohol.

A

Hepatitis

175
Q

_____ is caused by _____ virus and is spread by fecal contamination and does not cause lasting liver damage.

A

Hepatitis A; hepatitis A

176
Q

_____ is caused by _____ virus and is spread primarily by sexual contact and contaminated syringes and transfusion equipment. It can produce _____ of the liver and possibly cause _____.

A

Hepatitis B; hepatitis B

cirrhosis; cancer

177
Q

A vaccine is available for hepatitis _____.

A

B

A&P Exam 6 (3 decks)

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