The Respiratory System

Question 1

Thoracic cavity

Answer 1

Where the lungs are located

Question 2

Nares

Answer 2

External areas of nose through which air enters respiratory tract

Question 3

Vibrissae

Answer 3

Nasal hairs within the nasal cavity that filter air traveling through it

Question 4

Pharynx

Answer 4

Resides behind nasal cavity and back of the mouth, common pathway for both air for lungs and food for esophagus

Question 5

Larnyx

Answer 5

Lies below the pharynx and only a pathway for air

Question 6

Glottis

Answer 6

Opening of the larnyx that is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing to keep food out of respiratory tract

Question 7

Vocal cords

Answer 7

Found in the larynx, maneuvered by skeletal muscle and cartilage

Question 8

Trachea

Answer 8

Cartilaginous structure that air passes into after the larynx, after which air travels into one of two mainstream bronchi, and these contain epithelial cells to catch unfiltered material

Question 9

Bronchioles

Answer 9

Smaller structures in the lungs that arise from bronchi

Question 10

Alveoli

Answer 10

Tiny balloon-like structures where gas exchange occurs, smaller structures that arise from bronchioles

Question 11

Surfactant

Answer 11

Detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents each alveolus, which it coats, from collapsing on itself

Question 12

Difference between left and right lungs

Answer 12

Left lung has small indentation, smaller than right lung, only contains 2 lobes while right contains 3, all due to position of heart in thoracic cavity

Question 13

Pleurae

Answer 13

Membranes that surround each lung in thoracic cavity, divided into visceral pleura (surface adjacent to lungs) and parietal pleura (outer part)

Question 14

Diaphragm

Answer 14

Thin muscular structure that divides thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity, generates negative pressure for expansion of lungs

Question 15

Interpleural space

Answer 15

Potential space within visceral and parietal pleurae that contains a thin layer of fluid to lubricate pleural surfaces

Question 16

Potential space

Answer 16

Space that is normally empty or collapsed

Question 17

External intercostal muscles

Answer 17

Muscles that work with diaphragm to expand the thoracic cavity for inhalation

Question 18

Inhalation

Answer 18

Active process, diaphragm flattens and contracts, chest wall expands outward, intrathoracic volume increases, decreases intrapleural pressure, leading to negative pressure breathing as air goes from higher pressure (atmospheric) to now lower pressure (inside lungs)

Question 19

Exhalation

Answer 19

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax, decreasing chest cavity volume, increasing intrapleural pressure, pushing out air

Question 20

Internal intercostal muscles

Answer 20

Oppose the external intercostal muscles and pull rib cage down to actively decrease volume of thoracic cavity

Question 21

Emphysema

Answer 21

Destruction of alveolar walls, making exhalation more difficult

Question 22

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 22

Maximum volume of air in lungs when one inhales completely

Question 23

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 23

Volume of air left in lungs when one exhales completely

Question 24

Vital capacity (VC)

Answer 24

Difference between minimum and maximum volume of air in lungs (TLC - RV)

Question 25

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 25

Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

Question 26

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 26

Volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

Question 27

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 27

Volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation

Question 28

Ventilation center

Answer 28

Collection of neurons in medulla oblongata that rhythmically causes regular contraction of respiratory muscles

Question 29

Chemoreceptors

Answer 29

Found in ventilation center, sensitive to carbon dioxide concentration

Question 30

Hypercarbia/hypercapnia

Answer 30

Rise on partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood that leads to increase in respiratory rate to exhale more carbon dioxide

Question 31

Hypoxemia

Answer 31

Low oxygen concentration in blood

Question 32

Pulmonary arteries and veins

Answer 32

Arteries riginate from right ventricle of heart and brings deoxygenated blood, which then has oxygen diffused into it and carbon dioxide diffused out of it into alveolus from capillaries to return oxygenated blood to left atrium though veins

Question 33

Thermoregulation

Answer 33

Regulation of body temperature

Question 34

Vasodilation

Answer 34

As capillaries expand, more blood can pass through vessels and larger amount of thermal energy (heat) can be dissipated

Question 35

Vasoconstriction

Answer 35

As capillaries contract, less blood can pass through them, conserving thermal energy

Question 36

Mucociliary escalator

Answer 36

Mucus lining internal airways can trap particulate matter and invaders, and underlying cilia then propel this mucus up the respiratory tract to oral cavity, where it can be expelled or swallowed

Question 37

Macrophages

Answer 37

Engulf and digest pathogens and signal to rest of immune system that there is an invader

Question 38

Mast cells

Answer 38

Cells that have preformed antibodies on their surfaces and release inflammatory chemicals into surrounding area to promote immune response when the right substance attaches to the antibody, can also mediate allergic reactions

Question 39

Bicarbonate buffer system equation

Answer 39

CO2 (carbon dioxide gas) + H2O (liquid water) H2CO3 (carbonic acid) H+ (hydrogen ion) + HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)

Question 40

Acidemia

Answer 40

When pH of body is lower than 7.35-7.45, causing body to increase respiratory rate due to increased concentrations of hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide in blood, blowing off carbon dioxide

Question 41

Alkalemia

Answer 41

When pH of body is above 7.45, slowing respiratory rate, retaining more carbon dioxide, producing more hydrogen and bicarbonate ions to increase pH