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MCAT Biology Review > Embryogenesis and Development > Flashcards

Embryogenesis and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Region of fallopian tube where fertilization occurs

A

Ampulla

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2
Q

Cortical reaction

A

Release of calcium ions into egg membrane to depolarize and prevent further fertilization of ovum and increase metabolic rate of new zygote

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3
Q

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

A

Fertilization of two different eggs released during one cycle by two different sperm

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4
Q

Monozygotic (identical) twins

A

One zygote splits in two

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5
Q

Indeterminate cleavage

A

Cells that can still develop into complete organisms

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6
Q

Determinate cleavage

A

Cells with fates already determined, committed to differentiating into a type of cell

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7
Q

Morula

A

Next step after embryo and before blastula

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8
Q

Blastulation

A

Morula becomes blastula

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9
Q

Blastocoel

A

Inner cavity in a blastula

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10
Q

Trophoblast cells

A

Surround blastocoel and give rise to chorion and placenta

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11
Q

Inner cell mass

A

Protrudes into blastocoel and gives rise to organism itself

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12
Q

Chorion

A

Extraembryonic membrane that develops into placenta

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13
Q

Chorionic villi

A

Form from trophoblasts and penetrate the endometrium for interface between maternal blood supply and embryo

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14
Q

Umbilical cord

A

Has one vein that carries oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood from placenta to embryo, and two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood and waste to placenta from embryo

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15
Q

Yolk sac

A

Supports the embryo until placenta is functional, site of early blood cell development

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16
Q

Allantois

A

Early fluid exchange between embryo and yolk sac

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17
Q

Amnion

A

Thin, tough membrane filled with amniotic fluid that surrounds allantois, fluid serves as shock absorber during pregnancy

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18
Q

Gastrulation

A

Generation of 3 distinct cell layers after blastulation, making a gastrula

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19
Q

Archenteron

A

Membrane invagination into blastocoel that leads to gut

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20
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening of archenteron

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21
Q

Differential blastopore development

A

Anus in deuterostomes and mouth in protostomes

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22
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outermost germ layer that gives rise to skin, hair, nails, nose, mouth, eye, nervous system, adrenal medulla, ear

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23
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle germ layer that gives rise to musculoskeletal, circulatory, and most of excretory systems, gonads, muscular and connective tissue layers, adrenal cortex

24
Q

Endoderm

A

Innermost germ layerthat forms digestive and respiratory tract, as well as its accessory organs

25
Neurulation
Development of nervous system, rod of mesodermal cells (notochord forms along long axis of organism), induces neural fold formation into neural tube (gives rise to central nervous system) and neural crest cells (give rise to peripheral nervous system)
26
Failure of neural tube to close
Spina bifida (exposure of spinal cord to outside world) or anencephaly (brain fails to develop and skull is left open), can be prevented by folic acid-rich diet
27
Teratogens
Substances that interfere with development
28
Specification
Initial stage of cell specialization, cell is reversibly designated as specific cell type
29
Determination
Commitment of cell to particular function, irreversible
30
Differentiation
Cell assumes structure, function, and biochemistry of the cell type it differentiates into
31
Morphogens
Secreted from determination, may cause neighboring cells to follow particular developmental pathway
32
Stem cells
Cells not yet differentiated or give rise to other cells
33
Totipotent
Stem cells with greatest potency, can differentiate into any cell type
34
Pluripotent
Can differentiate into any cell type except those in placental structures
35
Multipotent
Can differentiate into multiple types of cells in a particular group
36
Autocrine
Signals that act on same cell that secreted signal
37
Paracine
Signals that act on cells in local area
38
Juxtacrine
Signals that act on adjacent cells directly stimulated by receptors
39
Endocrine
Secreted hormones that travel through bloodstream to distant target
40
Reciprocal development
Induction of one cell/tissue/organ triggers source of induction to form something else
41
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, cell divides into apoptotic blebs which are broken apart into apoptotic bodies that are digested by other cells, all contained by membranes to prevent release of harmful substances
42
Necrosis
Cell dies as a result of injury, internal substances can be leaked out
43
Complete regeneration
Lost or damaged tissues are replaced with identical tissues
44
Incomplete regeneration
Newly formed tissue is not identical to injured or lost tissue
45
Senescence
Biological aging, failure of cells to divide (due to shortened telomeres)
46
Telomerase
Reverse transcriptase that synthesizes ends of chromosomes, preventing senescence, allowing cells to divide indefinitely, found in tumor cells
47
Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)
Found in fetal blood cells, have greater affinity for oxygen that maternal hemoglobin (HbA), assists with oxygen transfer between mother and child
48
Gas exchange in fetus
Occurs across placenta, fetal lungs do not function until birth
49
Pathogens that can cross placental barrier by diffusion
TOxoplasma gondii, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, HErpes or HIV, Syphilis (TORCHES)
50
Which two organs do not function before childbirth in fetus?
Lungs and liver, must depend on mother's lungs and liver for related functions
51
Foramen ovale
One-way valve, or shunt, that connects right atrium to left atrium, allowing blood entering right atrium from inferior vena cava to flow into left atrium instead of right ventricle, thereby pumping into aorta directly as right side of heart has higher pressure in fetus unlike adults
52
Ductus arteriosus
Shunts leftover blood from pulmonary artery to aorta, powered by pressure differential between right and left sides of heart
53
Ductus venosus
Shunts blood returning from placenta via umbilical vein directly into inferior vena cava, bypassing the fetal liver
54
Embryo is fetus at the end of which trimester?
First trimester
55
Parturition
Vaginal childbirth, coordinated by prostaglandins and oxytocin which causes rhythmic contraction of uterine smooth muscle, begins with water breaking and ends in afterbirth (placenta and umbilical cord expelled)

MCAT Biology Review (10 decks)

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