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Biology 20 > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Ventilation?

A

The movement of air in and out of the body

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2
Q

What is Gas Exchange?

A

The exchange of CO2 and O2 between the air and the blood and between blood and other body cells

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3
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A

The chemical breakdown of glucose to form ATP; uses O2, CO2 is a waste product

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4
Q

Why do we need a ventilation system?

A
  • To maintain a high concentration of gradients of gases in the lung
  • maintains a concentration gradient of oxygen and CO2 between the air in the alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries
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5
Q

What is respiration?

A

The exchange of CO2 and O2 in the body

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6
Q

What is breathing?

A

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs

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7
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the air and the blood

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8
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues

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9
Q

What is the respiratory track and in what order?

A

The passageway used to move air from the external environment to the lungs
nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, alveoli

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10
Q

What is the nasal passage?

A
  • where air enters

- warms, moistens, cleans incoming air

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11
Q

What cells trap foreign materials from entering the cells?

A

Ciliated and mucus-secreting cells

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12
Q

What are turbinate bones?

A
  • in nasal passage
  • increase SA of nasal passages
  • good blood supply
  • helps warm air
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13
Q

What is the pharynx?

A
  • throat

- passageway for air and food

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14
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A
  • prevents food from going into the trachea
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15
Q

What is the glottis?

A

opening to the trachea

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16
Q

What is the larynx made of?

A

cartilage

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17
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

vocal cords

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18
Q

Where is the larynx located?

A

at glottis (opening of trachea)

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19
Q

How are vocal cords normally? When you speak?

A

relaxed

tightened

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20
Q

What are bronchi?

A

The two main branches of the trachea

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21
Q

What are the bronchi supported by?

A

Cartilage

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22
Q

What do the bronchi branch to?

A

bronchioles

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23
Q

What are the bronchi and bronchioles lined with?

A

ciliated and mucus- producing cells

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24
Q

What do the lungs contain?

A

the structures where gas exchange between air and blood occurs

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25
Q

How many lobes in each lung?

A

3 on right

2 on left (to make room for the heart)

26
Q

Describe the pleural membrane

A
  • double layer membrane that connects the lungs to the thoracic cavity
  • outer layer is attached to cavity wall
  • inner layer is attached to lungs
  • two layers are connected by fluid
27
Q

What is the alveoli?

How many types?

A
  • sacs where gas exchange actually occurs
  • clustered like grapes
  • alveolar wall is one cell thick
28
Q

What are the alveolus surrounded by?

A
  • capillaries (small blood vessels)
29
Q

What do the Type 1 Pneumocytes do?

A
  • have thin alvelar cells that adapt to carry out gas exchange
  • make up 90-95% of all pneumocytes
30
Q

What do the Type 2 Pneumocytes do?

A
  • secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of the alveolus from adhering to each other by reducing surface tension
31
Q

What are surfactants?

A

compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid

32
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A
  • Pressure of a gas varies inversely with volume

- As pressure increases, volume decreases

33
Q

What do they mean by the thoracic cavity is airtight?

A

The only exit and entrance is through trachea

34
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

Dome- shaped muscle that separates thoracic from abdominal cavity

35
Q

What are intercostals?

A

Muscles between ribs (allows ribs to rise and fall)

36
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled under normal circumstances

37
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

the additional volume one can inhale

38
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

the additional volume one can exhale

39
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

the total lung capacity (tidal volume+ inspiratory volume + expiratory reserve)

40
Q

What is residual volume?

A

The amount of air remaining, even after full exhalation

41
Q

What is a spirograph?

A

represents the amount of air that goes into and out of lungs in each breath

42
Q

where does gas exchange happen

A

between alveoli and capillaries

43
Q

how do gases move

A

via diffusion

44
Q

where does Co2 go

external respiration

A

it’s concentration is high in the blood so it diffuses into the alveoli

45
Q

where does the 02 go

external respiration

A

its concentration is high in the alveoli so it diffused into the blood

46
Q

explain the oxygen transport in blood

A

99% is carried by red blood cells (hemoglobin)

rest is dissolved in plasma

47
Q

explain the CO2 transport in blood

A

70% is dissolved and carried as bicarbonate
CO2 + H2O (H2C03) dissociates into H+ + HCO3-

23% is carried by hemoglobin
7% is carried in the plasma

48
Q

Why are H+ produced?

A

Otherwise the pH blood would be too low (H+ are acidic)

49
Q

How does internal respiration occur?

A

by diffusion

50
Q

Explain internal respiration

A

CO2 concentration is high in tissue, so it flows to blood

O2 concentration is high in blood, so it flows to tissue

51
Q

What is the strongest stimulus for breathing?

A

CO2

52
Q

…. CO2 in blood …. the pH

A

Increase, decreases

53
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

they stimulate the brain when they detect O2 and CO2.

54
Q

What is also stimulated when we inhale?

A

Diaphragm and Intercostals

55
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

the rapid division of cells in the lung

85 % mortality

56
Q

What are some symptoms of lung cancer?

A 
difficulty breathing
persistent coughing
coughing up blood
fatigue
appetite and weight loss
57
Q

What are some causes of lung cancer?

A 
smoking- 87%
second-hand smoke- 3%
air pollution- 5%
radon gas
asbestos and silica (causes cell tissue to deform)
58
Q

What is Emphysema?

A
  • instead of many thin-walled alveoli, individuals have fewer thicker- walled alveoli
  • lungs are less elastic, making ventilation more difficult
59
Q

What is the result of Emphysema?

A

less SA for gas exchange, so less effective gas exchange

60
Q

What are some causes of Emphysema?

A
  • excess phagocytes which produce a protein- digesting enzyme called elastase
  • smokers have an excess of phagocytes
  • can also be genetic
61
Q

What is the treatment for Emphysema?

A

Oxygen supplementation

Biology 20 (6 decks)

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