The Respiratory System

Question 1

What is external respiration?

Answer 1

It is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inspired air inside the lungs and the blood

Question 2

What is internal respiration?

Answer 2

it is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body’s tissue cells

Question 3

What are the two main requirements for respiration?

Answer 3

1) respiratory surface, must be large enough for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur quickly enough to meet the body’s needs
2) respiration must take place in a moist environment, so that oxygen and carbon dioxide are dissolved in water

Question 4

What are the different types of respiratory systems in animals?

Answer 4

1) outer skin
2) gills
3) Tracheal System
4) Lungs
5) book lungs

Question 5

How can animals breathe through their outer skin?

Answer 5

animals like earthworms breathe this way, some amphibians are also “skin breathers”
Oxygen diffuses into a network of thin walled capillaries just below the skin, and carbon dioxide diffuses out.
~skin must be wet or moist

Question 6

How can animals breathe through gills?

Answer 6

Fish and many aquatic invertebrates like clams, mussels, crayfish and crabs, breathe this way. Gills are extension nor folds in the body surface that increase the surface air through which gases are exchanged.
~oxygen from the water diffuses across the gill surfaces into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses out into the external environment

Question 7

How do animals breathe through the tracheal system?

Answer 7

Insects breathe this way, which involves an internal system of branching respiratory tubes called tracheae. They connect body cells directly to the environment outside the insect’s body by even smaller tubes called spiracles.
~oxygen enters the body through the spiracles and diffuses into the tracheae. Carbon dioxide then diffuses out of the body in the opposite direction.
THE INSECTS CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS NOT INVOLVED IN TRANSPORTING OXYGEN

Question 8

How do animals breathe with lungs?

Answer 8

~most land animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, most amphibians) use this lungs to breathe
~the lungs are sacs lined with moist epithelium
~oxygen diffuses across the epithelium into the capillaries, and carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction into the external environment

Question 9

How do animals breathe with book lungs?

Answer 9

~spiders use this method of breathing

~looks like a book with many pages (increases surface area)

Question 10

What is respiratory efficiency?

Answer 10

the rate of O2 and CO2 exchange

~many factors–therefore it can change

Question 11

What is a spirograph?

Answer 11

represents the amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs with each breath, as measured by a device called a spirometer

Question 12

What terms are used to describe the features of a spirograph?

Answer 12

~tidal volume
~inspiratory reserve volume
~expiratory reserve volume
~vital capacity 
~residual volume

Question 13

What is tidal volume?

Answer 13

is the volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement when the body is at rest

Question 14

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 14

it is the additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond a regular, or tidal inhalation

Question 15

What is expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 15

it is the additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond a regular, or tidal, exhalation

Question 16

What is vital capacity?

Answer 16

AKA total lung volume capacity, is the total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of the lungs. It can be calculated as tidal volume +inspiratory reserve volume+expiratory reserve volume

Question 17

What is residual volume?

Answer 17

it is the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and the passageways of the respiratory system even after a full exhalation. This gas never leaves the respiratory system. If it did, the lungs and respiratory passages would collapse. The residual volume has little value for gas exchange because it is not exchanged with air from outside the body

Question 18

In inhalation how much oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen and trace gasses are inhaled?

Answer 18

20. 94% oxygen
21. 04% carbon dioxide
22. 02% nitrogen and trace gases

Question 19

In exhalation, how much oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen and trace gasses are exhaled?

Answer 19

16. 49% oxygen
17. 49% carbon dioxide
18. 02% nitrogen and trace gases

Question 20

What are three facts about lungs?

Answer 20

1. lungs are filled with 350 million tiny air sacs called alveoli
2. The average adult lung is about 30 centimeters long and weighs about 800 grams, but 90% us air and 10% is tissue
3. Smoking a pack of cigarettes a day will deposit about 250 millimeters of tar per year directly into the lungs .
   non-smokers average about 15-20 years longer lifespan than people who smoke

Question 21

What is the nasal passages (sinuses) functions?

Answer 21

~air enters through the nostrils
~(step 1) warms air (blood in capillaries)
~lined with cells that release mucous, moistens (step 2)
~lined with tiny hairs (cilia) that capture/filter particles, bacteria or viruses (step 3). These hairs wave back and forth, forcing particles upwards

Question 22

What is the function of the pharynx (throat)?

Answer 22

Located at the back of the mouth

~leads into two separate tubes: one for digestion (esophagus) and one for respiration (trachea)

Question 23

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 23

~a thin flap of skin that covers the opening to the respiratory tract
~prevents food from entering the respiratory tract while swallowing–> can not eat/swallow and breathe at the same time
~only opens when someone is breathing

Question 24

What is the function of the trachea (windpipe)?

Answer 24

~large tube leading to the lungs
~the outside is lined with strong, half-ringed flexible cartilage muscle (like a vacuum cleaner hose)
~cartilage keeps trachea open at all times
~contains cilia that wave back and forth, forcing particles upwards into the mouth cavity and nasal passages
~contains the larynx (upper portion) or voice box. vocal cords vibrate when air is forced down the trachea. Vibrations create sound

Question 25

What is the function of Bronchus?

Plural: bronchi

Answer 25

~trachea splits into two smaller tubes-bronchi
~each tube enters one lung
~diameter is smaller than the diameter of the trachea

Question 26

What is the function of the bronchioles?

Answer 26

~bronchus in each lung, continue to branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles
~there are several thousands of these tubes
~their diameter is smaller than those of the bronchus

Question 27

What is the function of an alveolus?

Plural: alveoli

Answer 27

~located at the end of each bronchiole
~small sac-like structure
~looks like a bunch of grapes
~millions of alveoli are located in each lung
~its walls are very thin *site of diffusion of gases
~the outside of the alveoli are moist
~the outside of the alveoli are lined with very small capillaries

Question 28

What is the function of the capillaries?

Answer 28

~carry blood

~tiny thin blood vessels (red blood cells travel in single file)

Question 29

What is the function of the rib cage and rib muscle?

Answer 29

~helps organisms exhale and inhale by relaxing and contracting

Question 30

What is the function of the diaphragm?

Answer 30

~very thin muscle located above the stomach ?below lungs

~helps organisms inhale(contracting) and exhale(relaxing)

Question 31

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 31

an iron-containing protein found in red blood cells, which blinds to and transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
~about 99% of O2 that reaches cells is carried by hemoglobin, while the remaining 1% of O2 is dissolved in the watery blood plasma
~about 23% of Co2 is carried in the blood by hemoglobin, while the remaining 77% is carried in the blood plasma

Question 32

What are the respiratory system disorders?

Answer 32

Pneumonia: alveoli fill with thick fluid, making gas exchange difficult
Asthma: airways are inflamed due to irritation and bronchioles constrict due to muscle spasams

Question 33

What are chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)?

Answer 33

Bronchitis: airways are inflamed due to infection (acute) or due to an irritant (chronic). Coughing brings up mucus
Emphysema: Alveoli burst and fuse into enlarged air spaces. Surface area for gas exchange reduced. It is incurable.

Question 34

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 34

A genetic disease that causes a thick build-up of mucus in the lungs, resulting in infection, inflammation, and damage to the lung tissues. It is incurable.

Question 35

What is lung cancer? How can it be treated?

Answer 35

the main cause of lung cancer is smoking tobacco, since tobacco smoke is a carcinogen (a cancer causing agent) 
Ways to treat is: 
1) Radiation 
2) chemotherapy 
3) surgery