Kingdom:Animalia Flashcards
Which animals make up one phylum out of the 35 phyla?
Mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, amphibians
Invertebrates make up what percent of the animals and number of phyla?
95% and 34 phyla
how many of the phyla consist of worms?
15-16 phyla which is over half
the largest number of animal species that have been identified (800 000) are in what phylum?
Anthropoda which includes insects, spiders, lobsters and crabs
In general what characteristics do all animals share?
They are eukaryotic.
They are multicellular organisms.
Their cells have no cell walls
They are heterotrophs
They usually ingest and then digest their food
They reproduce sexually and produce and embryo that undergoes stages of development.
What are the Characteristics used to classify animals?
1) Levels of Organization
2) Number of Body Layers
3) Symmetry and Body Plans
4) Body Cavities
5) Segmentation
6) Movement
7) Reproduction
Levels of Organization?
starts from the most simple and goes to the most complex.
Cell–>Cell Tissue–>Organ–>Organ System->organism
Number of Body Layers?
Most animals have three body layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. with the exceptions of sponges (phylum poriferia) and in phylum Cnidaria (corals, hydras,jellyfish, and sea anenomes)
Symmetry and Body Plans?
some animals have asymmetrical body plan
some have radial symmetry
some have bilateral symmetry
what is asymmetry?
body shape is irregular. ex.sponges
what is radial symmetry?
can be divided along any plane parallel with the body axis. ex. corals and jellyfish
what is bilateral symmetry?
can be divided into two mirror halves along one plane through the central axis. ex.turtle
Body Cavities?
Animals have their digestive tract and other organs suspended in a fluid-filled body cavity. ex.worms,molluscs and vertebrates
what are worms, molluscs and vertebrates referred to as?
Acoelomates
what is a fluid-filled body cavity that provides space for the development and suspension of organs and organ systems?
Coelom
Segmentation?
the division of the body into repetitive sections or segments.
Movement?
some animals are sessile or stationary as adults such as sponges and sea anemones. they live attached to one place like the bottom of the ocean, a rock or even the shell of another animal. like most animals, sessile animals have a body form that can move during juvenile stages of development
Reproduction?
- most animals reproduce sexually, using gametic reproduction
- a zygote develops into a diploid organism, and the only haploid cells are eggs and sperms
- zygotes are produced by either external or internal fertilization
- some can produce asexually. for example, some species, such as aphids, alternate between sexual and asexual modes, reserving sexual reproduction for when environmental conditions deteriorate and tough conditions are likely to follow (to increase genetic diversity)
occurs when the egg and sperm combine inside the female body
Internal Fertilization
what phylum is described as the following:
- most primitive amimals
- found in marine and fresh water
- asymmetrical body plan
- no tissues or organs
- only TWO cell layers
- if you tear it apart, the pieces can reform back into its original shape
- sessile adults
- filter feeders:filter nutrients out of water (diffusion)
Invertebrate Animals: Phylum Porifera (sponges)
occurs when gametes combine outside the body. common among aquatic environments ex fish and amphibians
External Fertilization
occurs when the egg and sperm combine inside the female body
Internal Fertilization
Which Phylum can be described as the following:
- least complex (most primitive) worms
- no coelom, but 3 cell layers
- have a distinct head end
- simple nervous system, with a brain-like concentration of cells including an eyespot at the head end
- includes parasite tapeworms, flukes and free-living planarians (found on ponds)
Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
which Phylum can be described as the following:
- includes roundworms, hookworms, heartworms
- can be parasitic or free-living (soil)
Phylum Nematoda
Which Phylum has:
- two layers of cells
- has tissues including muscle and nervous tissues
- radial symmetry
- stinging tentacles around their mouth opening
- two body forms:polyp and medusa
- only one hole, food goes in and out
- a gastro vascular cavity (like a stomach) where the food is digested
- some have to swim to capture prey
- a very primitive digestive system
-includes: hydras, jellyfish,sea anenomes and coral
Phylum Cnidaria/Coelenterata
which Class in Phylum Chordata can be described with the following:
- tetrapods
- endothermic
- four chambered hearts
- lay shelled eggs
- lungs and air sacs
- hallow bones(light weight)
- feathered wings
- toothless skull
- internal fertilization
Class Aves (birds)
what does Endothermic mean?
Warm-blooded
what is the significance of a four chambered heart?
humans have it.
There is no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Earliest Record of what class in Phylum Chordata was 150 million years ago?
Class Aves
Dinosaurs were first recorded being around how many years ago?
250 million years ago
Which Class from Phylum Chordata was first discovered 300 million years ago?
Class Reptilia
Which class in Phylum Chordata can be described as follows:
- includes:lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodillians and alligators
- first internal fertilization
- leathery-shelled egg, called amniotic egg
- ectotherms
- have a three-chambered heart and are tetrapods
- have scales that create a waterproof barrier that helps prevent dehydration in dry air
- most use only lungs to breathe
- a few species of this class, especially those that live in colder environments give birth to live offspring instead of laying eggs (i.e. garter snake)
Class Reptilia
Which class has species where the incubation temperature determines the sex of the offspring?
Class Reptilia.
Scientists knowing this will go and scoop up the eggs and out them in an incubator at a set temperature so they will all become females to help increase genetic diversity
Which Class in Phylum Chordata can be described as follows:
- females secrete milk to feed their young through mammary glands
- endothermic
- must have hair or fur
- have four-chambered hearts
- internal fertilization
- have highly developed brains
- breathe with lungs
- three main groups: montremes, marsupials, placental
Class Mammalia
a skeletal remain of a shrew was found in china about 160 million years ago was found. what Class was this in?
Class Mammalia
What are montremes?
Egg-laying mammals ex.duck-billed Platypus and echidria (found only in Australia and New Guinea)
What are Marsupials?
Pouched mammals ex.Kangaroos and Koalas
Found mostly in Australia but North America has one marsupial: the opossum
What is Placental?
Have a placenta
includes bears, bats, whales, primates and humans
great diversity in species and structure
What is a placenta?
an organ in the pregnant uterus that exchanges nutrients and oxygen between the mother and developing offspring
Which Class in Phylum Chordata can be described as:
-were the first tetrapods
-cold blooded
-includes frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts
-external fertilization
-have a three chambered heart
-3 methods of breathing:
~as tadpoles they have gills
~they have lungs
~they breathe through their skin (in winter, while hibernating)
Class Amphibia
What does Amphibian mean and why?
it means dual life because they are tied to both land and water
what amount of amphibians are endangered?
1/3
What does tetrapod mean?
a vertebrate with two pairs of limbs
Half of the vertebrate species are what?
Fish
all fish have what three things?
Cold-blooded
external fertilization
two-chambered heart
what are the three main groups of fish?
1) lampreys and hagfish
2) sharks and rays
3) bony fish
What group of fish have paired fins and have jaws and a swim bladder and were developed 400 years ago?
Bony Fish
Which group of fish have paired fins and jaws are made of only cartilage and were developed around 400 years ago?
Sharks and Rays
Which group of fish are the oldest group (up to 500 million years old), dont have a jaw or paired fins or a bony skeleton and have gills to obtain dissolved oxygen from water?
Lampreys and Hagfish
How do Lampreys feed?
The lampreys mouth is like a suction cup and they “drill” a hole into the fish then suck everything out of it making them a parasite.
How do hagfish feed?
they are scavengers because they wait for fish to die before eating them and can go up to 6 months without feeding
what is a notochord?
it is a flexible, rod-shaped structure found in chordate animals. during vertebrate development is is replaced by the spine. in most vertebrates animals, the notocord forms in the embryo. during the development, the nerve chord becomes the brain and spinal cord which are eventually enclosed in the skill and spine respectively. all chordate have a notocord at some point in their lives
5% of all animals are in Chordata. what are the other 95%?
Invertebrates
All chordates also have a dorsal nerve cord. what is that?
A tube-shaped cord that extends along the back of the body (in the spine)
which Phylum can be described as:
- including spiders, scorpions, crustaceans and insects
- have jointed legs
- bodies divided into segments
- have a hard exoskeleton made out of protein and chitin and is periodically shed or molted as the animal grows
- exoskeleton protects them and prevents them from drying out allowing them to conquer land
- largest animal phylum
Phylum Anthropoda
what does Arthropod mean?
jointed foot
what is an exoskeleton?
an external skeleton that protects organs, provides support for muscle attachment and protects against water loss and predation
Anthropoda has 4 main groups/classes. what are they?
Arachnida:includes spiders, mites and scorpions
Myriapoda: milipedes and centipedes
Crustacea: crabs, lobstes, shrimps, barnacles and saw bugs (they are the only terrestrial crustaceans)
insecta: beetles, bees, butterflies, moths, ants and flies
Which Phylum can be described as:
- including sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers and sand dollars
- they are all marine animals
- have radial symetry, spiny endoskeletons and tube feet/water vascular systems
- some can regenerate limbs
- move nutrients through the body by diffusion
- no brain, head or eyes but they have nerve cells
Phylum Echinerdermata
Starfish?
have a rasping organ:spike-like. punctures shells
- pushes stomach into other shell inside out to absorb nutrients from the shell
- uses its stomach acid to liquefy the shells insides then sucks up the nutrients all at once with it takes the stomach back (almost through diffusion)
sea cucumbers
internal organs are shot out of their mouths (often creating a bad smell and black cloud) in order to get away
Collapse of fishing market
sea otters ate sea urchins, sea urchins eat kelp
Which phylum can be described as:
-second most-diverse animal phylum with about 100 000 species
-have bilateral symmetry, three cell layers, a coelom, and two body openings
soft body with a hard shell (animals like slugs have a hard shell internally)
-have a mantle that surrounds the internal organs and secretes calcium carbonate for the shell
-have all the organ systems
-have a muscular foot (usually used for movement)
-some have well developed eyes and other sense organs
-some have relatively large brain and are capable of learning tasks (octopus)
-can camouflage themselves(octopus)
-snails and slugs are hermaphrodites
Phylum Mollusca
what are the three main classes in phylum mollusca?
1) Bivalvia: clams, mussels, oysters, scallops
2) Gastropoda: shelled snails and non-shelled slugs
3) Cephalopoda:octopuses, squids and cuttlefish
Which Phylum can be described as:
- having long tube-like bodies that are divided into a series of ringed segments
- the first coelomates
- distinct head end
- has most of the organ systems: digestive, circulatory, excretory, nervous and reproductive
- 3 cell layers
- includes earthworms and leeches
- have red blood because of hemoglobin
- have 5 pairs of aortic arches
- blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries)
- breathe through their skin (diffusion)
- need most skin or they cant breathe
- have setae on the sides of their bodies to help them move
- are hermaphrodites
Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
what will drown during rainy weather in their burrows?
segmented worms
how to segmented worms reproduce?
each worm has both the ovaries and testies. both worms involved get pregnant lay eggs (coocons) then hatches into little worms
What is a ganglia?
a brain-like concentration of cells including an eyespot at the head end
