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Biology 20 IB > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange (oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release)

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2
Q

What are the two requirements for gas exchange

A

Large surface area and a moist environment

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3
Q

Why does a moist environment maximize efficiency of gas exchange?

A

Gases dissolve in water, diffusion is more effective

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4
Q

What are the four stages of respiration

A

Breathing (ventilation), External respiration, internal respiration, cellular respiration

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5
Q

What happens in ventilation

A

Air enters the lungs

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6
Q

What happens in external respiration

A

Oxygen from the lungs moves into the bloodstream

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7
Q

What happens in internal respiration

A

Oxygen in bloodstream enters the body’s cells

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8
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Oxygen is used to help produce energy for the body

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9
Q

Components of the upper respiratory tract

A

Nasal passages, pharynx, epiglottis, glottis, larynx, and trachea

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10
Q

Role of nasal passage

A

warms, moistens, and filters incoming air

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11
Q

Role of ciliated cells lining the nasal passage

A

It sweeps foreign substances back by grabbing onto foreign particles and releasing them when breathing out

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12
Q

Role of mucus in nasal passage

A

Traps foreign substances and moistens incoming air

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13
Q

What warms incoming air in nasal passage

A

blood vessels

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14
Q

What is the pharynx also known as

A

throat

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15
Q

Role of pharynx

A

passageway for air and food

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16
Q

Role of epiglottis

A

Flap on top of the trachea that ensures food doesn’t enter it

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17
Q

What is the glottis

A

opening from pharynx to larynx

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18
Q

What is larynx made up of

A

Cartilage and contains vocal cords

19
Q

What is the trachea commonly known as

A

windpipe

20
Q

Structure of the trachea

A

contains semicircular cartilaginous arches that keep it open

21
Q

Components of lower respiratory tract

A

Lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli

22
Q

What is the difference in structure between bronchi and brochioles

A

bronchi have c-shaped cartilaginous rings, bronchioles doesn’t

23
Q

Where does the respiratory system end

A

alveoli

24
Q

Role of double layered pleural membrane surrounding the lungs

A

Act as a shock absorber, protects the lungs

25
Q

Types of cells at alveoli epithelium

A

Type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes

26
Q

Describe type 1 and 2 pneumocytes

A

Type 1 is extremely thin and flat to maximize efficiency of gas exchange. Type 2 is more round, and secretes a phospholipid surfactant which helps maintain structure of alveoli and prevents it from sticking together.

27
Q

What percentage of alveoli epithelium cells are type one and type two pneumocytes

A

95% are type 1, 5% are type two

28
Q

What is respiratory distress symdrome?

A

It’s a common condition in babies where there is a lack of surfactant, causing alveoli collapse

29
Q

What are the two muscular structures of the respiratory system

A

Intercostal muscles (rib muscles) and diaphram

30
Q

Diaphragm

A

Dome shaped muscle at the bottom of the thoracic cavity

31
Q

Where are external intercoatal muscles found

A

between the ribs

32
Q

Where are internal intercostal muscles found

A

On the inside surface of ribs

33
Q

What are the two groups of antagonistic mucles

A

abdomen and diaphram & external and internal intercostal muscles

34
Q

Which muscles contract during inhalation

A

External intercostal muscles and diaphram

35
Q

Which muscles contract during exhalation

A

Internal intercostal muscles and diaphragm

36
Q

What happens during inhalation

A

The ribs move up and out as external intercostal muscles contract, inreasing volume and decreasing pressure in the thoracic cavity. This draws air in

37
Q

What happens during exhalation

A

The ribs move back down as internal intercostal mucles contract, decreasing volume and increasing pressure in the throacic cavity. This pushes air out

38
Q

Which conditions cause faster breathing

A

High CO2 levels and low O2 levels

39
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of incidence and causes of disease

40
Q

How are epidomiological studies carried out

A

They’re observational, not experimental

41
Q

What device mesures respiration

A

Spirometer

42
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air inhaled in one breath

43
Q

What is residual volume

A

Reserve air that the lungs holds onto (can’t be exhaled out)

Biology 20 IB (6 decks)

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