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Biology 20 IB > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions (3) of the circulatory system?

A

Transport, homeostasis, and protection

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2
Q

How does the circulatory system maintain homeostasis?

A

Blood vessels dialate or restrict to dissipate heat or reduce heat loss

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3
Q

What are the types of blood vessels (3)?

A

Veins, capillaries, and arteries

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4
Q

How long is the total distance of of all vessels?

A

96000km

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5
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

Carries blood (usually nutrient rich) away from the heart

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6
Q

What color are arteries?

A

Red

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7
Q

What is the difference between an artery and a vein (function)?

A

An artery carries blood away from the heart while a vein carries blood towards the heart

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8
Q

Why do arteries have to have thick muscular layers?

A

They must be able to withstand the pressure applied onto them due to the contracting and relaxing of the heart

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9
Q

When measuring blood pressure, what is actually being measured?

A

The pressure exerted on the arteries by the heart

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10
Q

Tunica Externa of arteries/veins

A

Outer, protective layer of tough connective tissue

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11
Q

Tunica Media of arteries/veins

A

Muscle and elastic tissue layers, thick in arteries and thin in veins

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12
Q

Tunica Intima of arteries/veins

A

Smooth endothelium forming the lining of the lumen

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13
Q

Which part of an artery/vein is actually in contact with blood?

A

The intima

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14
Q

Why does the lining of the lumen (endothelium) have to be smooth?

A

It’s where blood flows through

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15
Q

Systolic pressure definition

A

Maxium pressure applied during ventricular contraction

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16
Q

Synonym for ventricular contraction

A

heart contracting

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17
Q

Synonym for ventricular relaxation

A

heart relaxing

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18
Q

Diastolic pressure definition

A

minimum pressure during ventricular relaxation

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19
Q

How is systolic pressure measured by a sphygmomanometer?

A

When it first picks up on any pressure

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20
Q

How is diastolic pressure measured by a sphygmomanometer?

A

When the machine no longer picks up on any pressure

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21
Q

How does a blood pressure cuff work?

A

By initially cutting off circulation, then detecting when it first picks up pressure and when it loses any sense of pressure

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22
Q

What is the average blood pressure of an adult?

A

120/80

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23
Q

What unit is blood pressure measured in?

A

mm/Hg (millimeteres of mercury)

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24
Q

What is the general path that blood flows after it leaves the heart (which order of vessels)?

A

Heart, aorta, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, vena cava

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25
Q

What is an arteriole

A

A smaller artery, when an artery starts to branch off

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26
Q

In which blood vessel is the pressure the greatest?

A

Arota, arteries, arterioles
(Those just leaving the heart)

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27
Q

What is a pulse?

A

Rhytmic relaxation and contractions of arteries implied upon by the heart

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28
Q

What is the prefix for arteriole?

A

Vaso

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29
Q

Aneurysm

A

When the inner wall of an artery bulges outward, putting pressure on the outer wall

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30
Q

What causes aneurysms?

A

Generally a birth defect, however may be cause due to lifestyle

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31
Q

When do aneurysms become a problem and why?

A

When it’s broken or erupts, it won’t be able to bring nutrients to desired areas, thereby shutting the organ down

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32
Q

Why do arterioles vasoconstrict or vasodilate?

A

To control resistance of blood flow

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33
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

When fat droplets restrict blood flow by reducing the diameter of the lumen

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34
Q

How can atherosclerosis be treated?

A

Bypass surgery or angioplasty

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35
Q

What is a coronary artery?

A

Arteries that orginate from the aorata and supply nutrients to heart muscles

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36
Q

Synonym for myocardium

A

Heart muscle

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37
Q

Coronary occulsion cause

A

When atheroma binds to the intima of the coronary artery

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38
Q

Atheroma definition

A

Fatty tissue created by LDL cholestrol

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39
Q

Why is coronary occulsion problematic?

A

They reduce the diameter of the lumen, reducing the nutrients that reach the heart

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40
Q

What can conronary occulsion cause?

A

Heart attacks

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41
Q

Symptoms of coronary occulsion (3)

A

Angina, increased heart rate, blood clotting

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42
Q

Function of veins

A

Carries blood (usually oxygen depleted) towards the heart

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43
Q

What color are veins

A

blue

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44
Q

Describe the muscle layers and lumen of a vein

A

Thin muscle layers, wide central lumen

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45
Q

Can veins contract or dialate?

A

Veins can dialate but can’t contract

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46
Q

How is blood moved through veins

A

The skeletal muscles surrounding veins and one way valves

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47
Q

Vericose veins cause

A

blood buildup between valves due to malfunctioning of a middle valve

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48
Q

Where do men get vericose veins and why

A

Ankles, subject to most gravity

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49
Q

Where do women get a lot of vericose veins and why

A

Under the knees, due to crossing legs

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50
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Responsible for exchange of nutrients between blood and tissues

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51
Q

How thick are capillaries

A

8 micrometers in diameter, enough for one blood cell to fit through

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52
Q

Structure of capillaries

A

only intima (endotheleium layer), no muscle

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53
Q

Are capillaries permeable

A

Yes

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54
Q

Cause of bruise

A

Capillaries get damaged so blood and plasma gets into interstitial space

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55
Q

William harvey discoveries (3)

A

Veins have valves, there is only one fluid in the body (blood), heart pumps blood around the body, veins carry blood towards heart, right ventricles supply blood to the lungs, left ventricles supply blood to arteries

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56
Q

Venous system definition

A

Returns blood to the heart

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57
Q

Arterial system definition

A

Carries blood to capillaries

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58
Q

Portal systems

A

Carry blood between two capillary beds

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59
Q

How did William Harvey make his discoveries?

A

By dissecting dead animals

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60
Q

Which organs are involved in the pulmonary circuit?

A

heart and lungs

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61
Q

Which organs are involved in the system circuit

A

The heart and every organ other than the lungs

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62
Q

Where are the lungs located

A

On either side of the heart

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63
Q

Why must capillaries be so thin?

A

This encourages slower blood flow, which allows for more efficient diffusion as there is more time for nutrients to diffuse in and out

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64
Q

microcirculation

A

Flow of blood through capillary bed

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65
Q

Two types of vessels in capillary bed

A

Vascular shunt and true capillaries

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66
Q

Vascular shunt function

A

diverts blood past true capillaries when metabolic demands are low

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67
Q

Portal venous system vs regular capillary systems

A

The blood from a capillary bed drains into another capillary bed instead of going to the heart

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68
Q

Example of a portal venous system

A

When blood from digestive organs goes to the liver before the heart to detoxify

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69
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Center of the chest, slightly to the left

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70
Q

What are the functions of the heart (3)

A

Acts as a DOUBLE PUMP, keeps oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood seperated, and ensure blood only flows in one direction

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71
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

Blood circulates to lungs and back to heart

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72
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Blood circulates to every other organ in body (except for lungs) and back to heart

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73
Q

Septum

A

muscular wall that seperates left and right side of the heart

74
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

75
Q

Which chambers collect blood from the body?

A

Left and right atria

76
Q

Left atrium function

A

collects blood from the lungs

77
Q

Right atrium function

A

collects blood from body

78
Q

Which 2 chambers are distributers of blood

A

left and right ventricle

79
Q

Left ventricle function

A

Pumps blood to the body

80
Q

Right ventricle function

A

pumps blood to the lungs

81
Q

Vena cava

A

veins that collect deoxygenated blood

82
Q

Where does superior vena cava collect blood

A

Head, chest, and arms

83
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava collect blood

A

Central and lower body

84
Q

Where does the deoxygenated blood of the vena cava pool into?

A

Right atrium

85
Q

What is the ONE vein that’s red

A

pulmonary vein

86
Q

pulmonary vein function

A

carries blood from lungs into the left atrium

87
Q

What is the ONE artery that’s blue

A

pulmonary artery

88
Q

pulmonary artery function

A

carries blood from right ventricle to the lungs

89
Q

How many pulmonary veins and arteries are there?

A

2 each

90
Q

Aorta

A

Largest blood vessel in the body, leaves the left ventricle carrying oxygenated blood

91
Q

tricuspid valve

A

Atrioventricular valve that seperates right atrium from the right ventricle

92
Q

bicuspid valve

A

Atrioventricular valve that seperates the left atrium from the left ventricle

93
Q

What is the strongest valve in the body

A

Mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

94
Q

Semilunar valve (2)

A

Found in the aorata and pulmonary trunk between ventricles and arteries

95
Q

Why does the heart require its own blood supply

A

It’s constantly in action, so it has a high metabolic demand

96
Q

Why should the pulmonary system operate at a lower pressure than the systemic system?

A

It is responsible for gas/nutrient exchange in the lungs, where the capillaries can’t handle high pressure. Higher pressure also increases osmotic pressure, leading to fluid build up in the aveoli

97
Q

Why is the thickness of the left ventricle greater than the right?

A

The right ventricle pumps blood to lungs, which means less resistance and less workload compared to pumping blood to the rest of the body

98
Q

Where is a heartbeat initiated?

A

SA node

99
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

A

The Sinoatrial (SA node)

100
Q

What type of muslce is the SA node?

A

Myogenic muscle

101
Q

Myogenic muscle definition

A

Muscle that can initiate action independent of the nervous system

102
Q

How does the SA node make the heart contract?

A

When its electrical signal spreads over the two atria

103
Q

Atrioventricular node function

A

Recieves electrical signals from the SA node, and transfers it through the bundle of His in the Septum

104
Q

At what point do electrical signals from the AV node cause ventricles to contract

A

Once they’ve been transferred to the Purkinje fibers (up the sides of ventricles) after the bundle of His

105
Q

What exactly creates the sound of the heart

A

Valves closing

106
Q

Which valves respectively make the LUB DUB sound

A

AV valves closing make LUB sound, and semilunar valves closing make the DUB sound

107
Q

What does an ECG (electrocardiogram) do?

A

Measure changes in voltage from electrical signal

108
Q

Which part of the brain ensures SA node keeps the heart beating

A

Medula oblongata

109
Q

How does the medula reach the SA node (which nerve)

A

Vagus nerve

110
Q

What are some factors that can increase heart rate? (4)

A

Increased CO2, Decreased O2, Decreased Blood pressure, sympathetic nerve activity

111
Q

Which hormones stimulate increase in heart rate

A

Epinepherine (adrenaline)

112
Q

Which factors decrease heart rate?

A

Decreased CO2, Increased O2, Increased blood pressure, and parasympathetic nerve activity

113
Q

Congenital heart defect definition

A

Heart Defects that were present since birth

114
Q

Murmur

A

Congenital, when one or more of the heart valves malfunction (may or may not require treatment)

115
Q

Hole in the heart

A

Congenital, a hole in the septum that allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix

116
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure due to fat build up in the lumen

117
Q

Why is Hypertension regarded as the silent killer

A

No symptoms present until it is too late

118
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Any disease where artery walls thicken and lose their elastic properties, limiting blood flow

119
Q

One type of arteriosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis

120
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Heart Attack, Blood clot in coronary artery

121
Q

How does an angioplasty work

A

Balloon is inserted in artery, and opens up restricted areas

122
Q

How does bypass surgery work

A

Transplanted blood vessel is used to detour around blockages

123
Q

How much blood is there in the human body?

A

5L

124
Q

What are 3 functions of blood?

A

Carries oxygen to tissues, removes waste, transports white blood cells (defense)

125
Q

How much of blood is plasma?

A

60%

126
Q

The “fluid” component of blood

A

Plasma

127
Q

Function of plasma

A

Provides coagulation factors (proteins that help with clotting)

128
Q

What does plasma contain (5)?

A

water, dissolved proteins, organic molecules, minerals, and dissolved gases

129
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets

130
Q

Where are platelets produced?

A

In the bone marrow

131
Q

Appearance of platelets

A

Irreegularly shaped, colorless, and no nucleus

132
Q

What is the inactive form of thrombin and how is it activated?

A

Thrompoplastin and calcium activate prothrombin into its active form, thrombin

133
Q

What is the inactive form of fibrin and how is it activated?

A

Thrombin, activated by fibrinogen and calcium

134
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

135
Q

Shape of red blood cells

A

biconcave

136
Q

Do red blood cells have a nucleus and why

A

No, for more effiecient transportation of oxygen

137
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells

A

To transport oxygen

138
Q

What does hemoglobin on cell membranes of RBC help them do

A

Grab onto oxygen (can grab onto 4 at once)

139
Q

Size of red blood cells

A

7.5 microns

140
Q

Lifespan of microns

A

120 days

141
Q

Effect of congenital RBC abnormalities

A

Leads to mis-shaped RBCs, resulting in less oxygen that can be transported

142
Q

Effect of lead poisoning on body

A

Lead binds to hemoglobin, which reduces avaiability of heloglobin to transport oxygen

143
Q

Effect of Malaria on body

A

Prevents oxygen from attaching onto red blood cells, which result in less oxygen being transported

144
Q

Function of spleen

A

Stores & recycles red blood cells and white blood cells

145
Q

Hemotocrit

A

Seperated components of the blood after spinning on centrifuge

146
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

147
Q

Primary function of leukocytes

A

Protects against infection or malignancy

148
Q

Types of Pathogens

A

bacteria, protozoa, viruses, fungi

149
Q

What are the three classes of leukocytes

A

lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes

150
Q

How much of WBCs are lymphocytes?

A

20-40%

151
Q

Appearance of lymphocyte nucleus

A

big round nucleus

152
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

153
Q

What is the difference between b cells and t cells

A

B cells mature in the bone level and produce antibodies, T cells mature in the thymus and produce other T cells

154
Q

Functions of antibodies

A

lock and alter movement of pathogens, promoting their elimination

155
Q

What activates antibody production in B cells

A

Interleukins

156
Q

Where is the thymus

A

Slightly above the heart

157
Q

4 types of T cells

A

Killer T cells, Helper T cells, Supressor T cells, and Memory T cells

158
Q

Killer T cells function

A

Directly destroys antigens

159
Q

Helper T cells function

A

Stimulates T cells and B cells

160
Q

Supressor T cells function

A

Inhibits immune response (inhibits T cells and B cells)

161
Q

Memory T cells

A

Remembers the antigens on the pathogen in preparation for future encounters

162
Q

Macrophage definition

A

Tissue phagocytes

163
Q

Monocytes percentage in WBCs

A

2-8%

164
Q

Appearance of monocytes

A

agranular, oval/kidney shaped nucleus, rather transparent cytoplasm

165
Q

Function of monocytes

A

Engulfs bacteria and present their antigens on the cell membrane

166
Q

Granulocytes (3)

A

Neotrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

167
Q

How much WBCs are neutrophils

A

40-60%

168
Q

How much of WBCs are eosinophils?

A

1-4%

169
Q

How much of WBCs are basophils?

A

0.5-1%

170
Q

Appearance of neutrophils

A

Multilobed nucleus

171
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Engulfs and digests bacteria via phagocytosis

172
Q

Are neutrophils specific phagocytes

A

no

173
Q

appearance of eosinophils

A

bilobed nuclei, large elongated granules

174
Q

Lifespan of eosinophils

A

8-10 days in tissue

175
Q

Function of eosinophils

A

Traps parasites, promotes inflammation, controls allergy response

176
Q

Appearance of basophils

A

Full of granules, bi/trilobed nucleus(often covered by granules)

177
Q

What cells do basophils become in tissue?

A

MAST cells

178
Q

Function of basophils

A

Responsible for inflammation and allergies

179
Q

How do basophils cause inflammation

A

By releasing histamine, which initiate swelling. This expands blood vessels and allow other white blood cells to enter area

180
Q

How does an allergic response happen?

A

When basophils believe that allergins (peanuts, dog hair) are bacteria

181
Q

Which three white blood cells does cell mediated immunity involve?

A

Monocytes, T cells, and B cells

182
Q

Briefly describe how cell mediated immunity works?

A

Monocytes engulf bacteria and present its antigens to T cellsm which produce other T cells that help kill it. Helpter T cells identify antigens and present it to B cells which produce antibodies to slow down the movement of pathogens

Biology 20 IB (6 decks)

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