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Biology 20 IB > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

Cutting/tearing food into smaller pieces

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2
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Breakdown of food using enzymes

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3
Q

Overveiw of digestive system (4 main steps)

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption of nutrients, Egestion

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4
Q

What types of digestion does the mouth do?

A

mechanical and chemical

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5
Q

Where is saliva secreted?

A

3 pairs of saliva glands

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6
Q

What are the 3 main components of saliva?

A

Water, mucus (lubricates food), and salivary amylase

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7
Q

How is starch digested in the mouth, and what disaccharide does it become

A

By the enzyme salivary amylase, into maltose

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8
Q

Enzyme for fat digestion in mouth

A

lingual lipase

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9
Q

What is food called once it leaves the mouth

A

bolus

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10
Q

Where is the pharnx

A

Connects the mouth to esophagus

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11
Q

Uvula (dangly thing at back of throat) function

A

prevents food from going up the nose

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12
Q

Epiglottis (flat at top of larynx) function

A

prevents food from going down the larynx and trachea

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13
Q

How does food reach the stomach

A

Through the esophagus, through the process of peristalsis

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14
Q

Longitudinal muscles function

A

Contract in front of the bolus to shorten the distance it needs to travel

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15
Q

Circular muscle function

A

Contracts behind bolus and reduces its diameter, preventing it from going backwards

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16
Q

What types of digestion happen in the stomach?

A

Mechanical (churning) and chemical digestion

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17
Q

How much food can the stomach hold

A

Up to 1.5L

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18
Q

What regulates the opening and closing of the stomach

A

Sphincters

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19
Q

Contents of gastric juices of stomach (4)

A

water, mucus, HCl, and pepsinogen

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20
Q

Function of the mucus

A

Protects stomach lining from acidic conditions

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21
Q

How is pepsinogen activated

A

when it comes into contact with HCl of stomach, and it becomes pepsin (digestive enzyme)

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22
Q

Ulcers

A

Tears in stomach lining due to acidic HCl

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23
Q

What are the 3 portions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, jejenum. and ileum

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24
Q

Length and fucntion of duodenum

A

8 inches, connects stomach to jejenum

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25
Q

Length of jejenum

A

8ft

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26
Q

Length of ileum

A

12ft

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27
Q

What is bolus called once it leaves the stomach

A

chyme

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28
Q

Function of peristalsis in small intestine

A

Forces chyme to mix with enzymes

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29
Q

Function of maltase and lactase and where is it produced

A

Digests matose and lactose, produced and functions in the small intestine

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30
Q

Peptidase/Protease

A

Any enzyme that digests proteins

31
Q

Where is Erepsin produced, and what does it do?

A

Secreted by intestinal glands and pancreas, breaks peptides into amino acids

32
Q

Exopeptidase function

A

breaks amino acids from ends of chains

33
Q

Dipeptidase function

A

cleaves dipeptides

34
Q

nucleodase

A

breaks down nucleotides (DNA and RNA) into bases, sugars, and phosphates

35
Q

Nuclease function

A

Breaks down nucleotides into smaller nucleotides

36
Q

What is a dextrin

A

Components of amylopectin and glycogen that consist of 1-6 glycosidic bonds

37
Q

Dextrinase function

A

Breaks down dextrins (1-6 glycosidic bonds) that amylase can’t break

38
Q

How is absorption in the small intestine maximized?

A

villi and microvilli increase SA:V ratio

39
Q

Length of villi

A

Around 0.5-1.5mm, 40/mm^2

40
Q

What does the villi absorb?

A

vitamins, minerals, and monomers

41
Q

Lacteal of the villi function

A

absorbs fatty acids and monoglycerides

42
Q

Capillary of villi function

A

Absorbs nucleotides, amino acids, and monosaccharides

43
Q

Serosa

A

Outer coat of small intestine

44
Q

Muscle layers

A

longitudinal and circular muscles for slow peristalsis

45
Q

sub-mucosa contents

A

contains blood and nymph vesssels

46
Q

mucosa

A

lining of small intestine that project into villi

47
Q

Functions of the large intestine (3)

A

Absorption of water, storage of fecal matter, synthesis of vitamin K from cellulose

48
Q

How long is the large intestine

A

5ft in length

49
Q

Accessory organs definition

A

Contributes to digestive system by providing fluids, but food doesn’t directly go through them

50
Q

Accessory organs of digestive system

A

Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder

51
Q

Function of the liver in digestion

A

Produces bile

52
Q

Function of bile

A

emulsifies fats, which allows enzymes to act on it

53
Q

How does bile reach the duodenum

A

Bile is stored in the gallbladder, which is later secreted into the duodenum

54
Q

Contents of pancreatic juice (3)

A

Sodium bicarbonate, water, enzymes

55
Q

Function of sodium bicarbonate

A

neutralizes acidic chyme in stomach to pH of 7.5-8

56
Q

Pacreatic amylase function

A

Digests remaining starch into maltose

57
Q

Where is trypsinogen produced

A

pancrease

58
Q

How is trypsinogen activated into trypsin?

A

Enzyme enterokinase

59
Q

Function of trypsin

A

Digests proteins into peptides

60
Q

Function of erepsin

A

Digests peptides into amino acids

61
Q

phospholipase function

A

Digests phospholipids into fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphates

62
Q

lipase function

A

digests fats into fatty acids and monoglycerides

63
Q

Hormone definition

A

Proteins that are secreted into the blood stream and carry messages to target organs

64
Q

Gastrin function

A

Signals stomach to release HCl

65
Q

Where and when is gastrin secreted

A

From the stomach in the presence of food

66
Q

Where and when is enterogastrone secreted

A

Small intestine in the presence of fat

67
Q

Enterogastrone function

A

Slows peristalsis in small intestines to allow more time for digestion/absorption

68
Q

when and where is secretin secreted

A

small intestines in the presence of acidic chyme

69
Q

Secretin function

A

singals pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate to neutralize pH to 7.5-8

70
Q

where and when is cholecystokinin secreted

A

Small intestines in response to fat

71
Q

cholecystokinin function

A

signals gallbladder to release bile into small intestines

72
Q

What is the difference between pepsin and peptidase?

A

Pepsin digests proteins into peptides, peptidase digests proteins into amino acids

73
Q

What is the difference between nuclease and nucleosidase?

A

Nuclease digests RNA & DNA into nucleotides, nucleosidase digests nucleotides into base, sugar, and phosphates

Biology 20 IB (6 decks)

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