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Physiology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Gas exchange between environment & blood
Control of acidity of body
Filtering of air inhaled
Vocalization

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2
Q

Which lung has 3 lobes?

A

Right lung
Left lung has 2 lobes, its smaller to make space in the thoracic cavity for the heart

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3
Q

What is the pleural sac?

A

A double layered sac that surrounds the lungs, filled with pleural fluid-ventilation

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4
Q

What is the function of the pleural sac?

A

It reduces friction from movement on the surface of the lungs
It fixes lungs firmly on the thoracic wall without physical attachments

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5
Q

What is the function of the airways?

A

Warming up of inspired air
Humidification of dry inspired air
Filtration of inhaled foreign materials

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6
Q

What are turbinates / conchae?

A

Bony dividers that increase the SA of the nasal cavity

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7
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The entrance to the nasal cavity

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8
Q

What separates the air in the alveoli from the pulmonary capillaries?

A

A single layer of capillary endothelial cells & a single layer of alveolar epithelial cells

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9
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P1 x V1 = P2 x V2
Pressure - volume relationship

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10
Q

Airflow equation

A

Airflow is directly proportional to P/R

AF is directional proportional to p difference between 2 points
Af is inversely proportional to R created by airways

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11
Q

Airway diameter & flow resistance equation

A

R directly proportional to L x n / r4
n- viscosity - affected by humidity & concentration of air

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12
Q

What is the main factor affecting resistance in the respiratory system?

A

Airway radius

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13
Q

What factors affect airway radius?

A

Bronchodilation - Co2, epinephrine ( via b2 receptors)
Bronchoconstriction - parasympathetic stimulation (via muscarinic receptors), histamine

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14
Q

What happens to the muscles during inspiration?

A

Diaphragm contracts
Expansion of thoracic cavity
External intercostal muscles pulls ribs up & out

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15
Q

What happens to the muscles as breathing rate increases?

A

Diaphragm contracts more
Sternocleidomastoid & scalenes elevate the sternum
Sternum moves up & out
Pec minor elevates ribs

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16
Q

What happens to the muscles during expiration?

A

Expiration is a passive process - requires no contraction of any muscles
Elasticity of lungs recoils inward
Diaphragm relaxes
Lungs relax
Abdominal organs recoil & press diaphragm upward

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17
Q

What happens to the muscles during expiration of heavy breathing?

A

Requires the contribution of the expiratory muscles
Diaphragm relaxed
Internal intercostal muscles pulls ribs down & inwards
abdominal wall muscles contract & compress abdominal organs forcing the diaphragm higher

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18
Q

When Palv is below < Patm what
Occurs?

A

Inspiration
When Palv > Patm expiration occurs

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19
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

Stabilises alveoli & increases lung compliance as it contains 2 proteins that disrupt the forces between water molecules resulting in a reduced surface tension of alveolar walls

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20
Q

How does a reduced surface tension affect the rs?

A

The alveolar spaces are less prone to collapsing
The lung is more compliant & is inflated easier.

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21
Q

Law of Laplace

A

P=2t/r

T= surface tension
R=radius
P = pressure

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22
Q

What does a spirometer measure?

A

Lung volumes & evaluates lung function

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23
Q

What can a spirometer not measure?

A

Functional residual capacity - the amount of air left in the lungs at the end of normal expiration
Residual volume - the amount of air left in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration

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24
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

Amount of air moved in & out lungs with every breath during normal breathing

25
Q

What is reserve volume?

A

Amount of additional air moved in & out lungs during heavy breathing

26
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Total amount of air that can be moved in & out lungs during maximal respiratory effort

27
Q

What is anatomical dead space?

A

Part of airways where gas exchange does not take place - fixed volume - 150 ml

28
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Areas of lungs where gas exchange can take place but that are not properly perused with blood

29
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Amount of air moved by lungs in 1 minute

30
Q

Minute ventilation equation (ve)

A

Ve = tidal volume X breathing frequency

31
Q

What is hypernoea?

A

Ve increases in proportion to metabolic rate

32
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Vé increases more than metabolic rate

33
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

The pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

34
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion equation

A

Rate of diffusion is directly proportional to area / thickness x (p1-p2) x D

( Pl x P2 )= partial pressure difference
D =d is directly proportional to solubility / square root MW

35
Q

What factors does movement of molecules depend on?

A

Temperature
Pressure difference
Solubility

36
Q

Pathological limitations of diffusion

A

Emphysema - limited SA and poor elastic recoil
Fibrotic lung disease - stiff lungs hard to inflate
Pulmonary oedema - pressure changes
Asthma - poor ventilation constriction of airways

37
Q

Oxygen consumption =

A

Inspired air - expired air

38
Q

Co2 production =

A

Expired air - inspired air

39
Q

Volume of inspired O2 =

A

Volume of inspired air x %of inspired O2

40
Q

Volume of expired O2 =

A

Volume of expired air x % of expired O2

41
Q

Volume of expired CO2 =

A

Volume of expired air x % expired CO2

42
Q

Volume of inspired CO2 =

A

Volume of inspired air x % of inspired CO2

43
Q

what is the law of mass reaction?

A

when a reaction is at equilibrium, the ratio of the substrates and products will remain constant

44
Q

what carries oxygen in the blood?

A

haemoglobin- an O2 binding protein contained within RBC

45
Q

what is haemoglobin made up of?

A

4 polypeptide chains (globins)
4 haeme groups - centre of each contains a ferrous atom (Fe 2+) that binds O2

46
Q

oxygen + haemoglobin=

A

oxyhaemoglobin
Hb + O2 = HbO2

47
Q

why is a partial pressure gradient created when O2 binds to haemoglobin?

A

for O2 to diffuse across from the blood into plasma of cells

48
Q

what is the saturation of oxygen in RBC?

A

97.98%

49
Q

in the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, what will a shift to the left cause?

A

an increase in acidity to O2
a shift to the right will decrease acidity to O2

50
Q

what factors affect O2 binding to haemoglobin?

A

acidity
PCO2
temperature
DPG

51
Q

how is 70% of all CO2 carried in the body?

A

in the form of bicarbonate ions (HCO3)
CO2 + H2O ->H2CO3 ->H+ + HCO3-

52
Q

How is the rest of the 23% of CO2 carried in the body?

A

bound to haemoglobin
Hb + CO2 -> HbCO2 (carbaminohaemoglobin)

53
Q

does the ventral respiratory group control inspiration or expiration?

A

expiration

54
Q

does the dorsal respiratory group control inspiration or expiration?

A

inspiration

55
Q

what do slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors do?

A

become active when tidal volume approaches the physical limitations of the lung tissue for expansion, they protect the lungs by initiating a signal that inhibits inspiration - Hering- Breuer reflex

56
Q

what do rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors do?

A

in the trachea and large airways, they respond to stimuli such as cigarette smoke and inhaled particles by initiating reflexes such as coughing and sneezing by causing bronchoconstriction.

57
Q

what are the 2 types of peripheral chemoreceptors in the ventilatory drive?

A

carotid chemoreceptors (carotid bodies)
aortic chemoreceptors ( aortic arch)

58
Q

what chemoreceptors respond to changes in CO2 ?

A

central chemoreceptors

59
Q

what affects the peripheral chemoreceptors but not the central chemoreceptors?

A

PO2 levels of arterial oxygen

Physiology (9 decks)

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