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MCAT Biology > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

The lungs are located in the _

A

Thoracic cavity

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2
Q

air enters the respiratory tract through the the external _ where it is filtered by mucous membranes and nasal hairs called _

A

nares

vibrissae

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3
Q

What keeps food out of the respiratory tract

A

the opening in the larynx called the glottis, which is covered by the epiglottis.

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4
Q

from the larynx where does air go

A

into the trachea and then into one of the two mainstem bronchi

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5
Q

the bronchi divide into smaller structures known as _

A

bronchioles

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6
Q

where does gas exchange occur

A

alveoli

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7
Q

Why are alveoli coated with surfactant

A

its a detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents the alveolus from collapsing.

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8
Q

What membranes surround each lung

A

the pleurae

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9
Q

What is the intrapleural space and its importance

A

the space within the pleural sac which contains a thin layer of fluid. pressure differentials here ultimately drive breathing.

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10
Q

what are the external intercostal muscles

A

layer of muscles between the ribs that expands the thoracic cavity.

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11
Q

Explain the intrathoracic volume and intrapleural pressure when the diaphragm contracts and relaxes.

A 
relaxed= decreased volume; increased intrapleural pressure
contracted= increased volume; decreased intrapleural pressure
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12
Q

What tool is used to measure lung capacities and volumes

A

spirometer

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13
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)

A

the maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

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14
Q

What is residual volume (RV)

A

the volume of air remaining in the lungs when one exhales completely

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15
Q

What is Vital capacity (VC)

A

the difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs (TLC-RV)

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16
Q

What is Tidal volume (TV)

A

the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

17
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

18
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation

19
Q

How is breathing regulated

A

regulated by a collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata called the ventilation center. These neurons contain chemoreceptors that are primarily sensitive to CO2.

20
Q

As the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood rises the respiratory rate will _

A

increase

21
Q

hypoxemia describes

A

low oxygen concentration in the blood

22
Q

The capillaries bring deoxygenated blood from the _; loaction

A

pulmonary arteries; which originate from the right ventricle of the heart.

23
Q

what is the driving force for gas exchange

A

the pressure differential of the gases

24
Q

Explain vasoconstriction and vasodilation in regard to thermoregulation

A 
vasoconstriction = conserves thermal energy
vasodilation= dissipates thermal energy
25
Q

The nasal cavity contains _ which attacks the _ walls of gram-_ bacteria

A

lysozyme
peptidoglycan walls
gram positive

26
Q

The lungs contain _ which engulf and digest pathogens

A

macrophages

27
Q

what is the importance of mast cells

A

populate the lungs; have preformed antibodies on their surfaces and release inflammatory chemicals to promote an immune response

28
Q

What is the bicarbonate buffer system

A

CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3 (reversible)

29
Q

an increasing hydrogen ion concentration will cause a shift in the bicarbonate buffer system resulting in _

A

the generation of additional carbon dioxide and will promote an increase in respiratory rate

30
Q

Describe the relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH

A

when pH is lower = higher H+ concentration

when pH is higher = lower H+ concentration

31
Q

What is the effect of scar tissue formation in the alveolar walls

A

decreased inspiratory reserve volume

32
Q

What is the effect of an excess of fluids within an entire lobe of the lung

A

no diffusion will occur in the affected area

33
Q

What do infants lack in their respiratory system

A

surfactant

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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