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MCAT Biology > The cell > Flashcards

The cell Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 fundamental tenets of the cell theory

A

1) All living things are composed of cells
2) The cell is the basic functional unit of life
3) Cells arise from only preexisting cells
4) Cells carry information (DNA) and is passed on from parent to daughter cell

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2
Q

Does the MCAT consider viruses living organisms

A

No

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3
Q

What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

prokaryotic cells do not contain any membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

Briefly Describe the phospholipid bilayer of eukaryotic cells

A

extracellular hydrophilic ends and intracellular hydrophobic ends.

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5
Q

What allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

A

cytosol

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6
Q

Whats the importance of nuclear pores

A

allow selective two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus

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7
Q

The outer mitochondria membranes purpose

A

barrier between cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondria

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8
Q

the inner mitochondria membranes purpose

A

contains molecules and enzymes that make up the electron transport chain

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9
Q

what is cristae

A

numerous infoldings of the inner mitochondria

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10
Q

Why are mitochondria “semi-autonomous” (2)

A

they contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus

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11
Q

how do mitochondria replicate?

A

binary fission independent of the nucleus

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12
Q

lysosomes purpose

A

break down different substrates

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13
Q

Rough ER purpose

A

stubbed with ribosomes; permits translation of proteins

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14
Q

Smooth ER purpose

A

lipid synthesis

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus purpose

A

modifies cellular products by adding carbs, phosphates, or sulphates

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16
Q

peroxisomes purpose

A

break down long chain fatty acids, synthesize phospholipids, and contain enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway

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17
Q

What causes muscle contraction

A

actin filaments use ATP and react with myosin

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18
Q

Order the 3 cytoskeletal elements in increasing size

A

microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

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19
Q

What are microfilaments made of

A

actin proteins

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20
Q

what are microtubules made of

A

tublin proteins

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21
Q

What motor proteins use microtubules to carry vessicles

A

kinesin and dynein

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22
Q

what is the difference between cilia and flagella

A

cillia dont move the cell, but flagella move the entire cell

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23
Q

how do the cytoskeletal structures of centrioles and flagella differ

A

centrioles consist of nine triplets of microtubules around a hollow center, while flagella consist of nine doublets on the outside with two microtubules on the inside

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24
Q

what are intermediate filaments made of

A

keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins

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25
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue

A

epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

26
Q

what are the 3 germs lines

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

27
Q

What is the purpose of epithelial tissue

A

1) cover and line the body; protects against pathogen invasion and desiccation
2) in organs; absorption, secretion, and sensation

28
Q

Why are epithelial cells polarized

A

bc they usually face an inside and outside (of the body/organ)

29
Q

importance of archaea

A

1) ability to use alternative sources of energy
2) used to be consider extromphiles
3) contain genes and metabolic pathways

30
Q

what is archaea most similar to

A

Eukaryotes

NOT bacteria

31
Q

Most Bacteria exist in what 3 shapes

A

1) cocci - spherical
2) bacilli - rod
3) spirilli - spiral

32
Q

describe obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen for metabolism

33
Q

describe obligate anaerobes

A

cannot survive in oxygen-containing environments

34
Q

describe facultative anaerobes

A

can use oxygen for metabolism but doesn’t require it

35
Q

describe aerotolerant anaerobes

A

cant us oxygen for metabolism but is not harmed by it

36
Q

Bacteria cells are either gram positive or gram negative describe their properties and functions

A

gram positive: cell walls consist of a thick layer of peptidoglycan which contains lipoteichoic acid (purple)
gram negative: cell walls are thin and contain less peptidoglycan; which is separated from the membrane by the periplasmic space. the outermembranes contain phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides. (pink

37
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

ability for a cell to detect a chemical stimuli and move towards or away from it

38
Q

what is the basal body

A

the basal body is a complex structure that anchors the flagellum to the cytoplasmic membrane and is also the motor of the flagellum

39
Q

describe binary fission

A

a simple form of asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes, the circular chromosome attaches to the cell wall and replicates while the cell continues to grow in size.

40
Q

what are plasmids

A

extrachromosomal material that carry genes

41
Q

what are virulence factors

A

traits that increase pathogenicity

42
Q

what distinguishes episomes

A

episomes are a subset of plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium

43
Q

describe the processes of genetic recombination

A

Transformation: results from integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome. (gram negative)
Conjugation: two bacteria form a conjugation bridge, genetic material is transferred unidirectionally from donor male (+) to replicant female (-). to form the sex pili bacteria must contain plasmids known as sex factors
Transduction: requires a vector that carries genetic material to another bacteria. (bacteriophages)

44
Q

describe how the e.coli F factor works

A

F+ cells replicate the F factor and donates a copy to the F- converting it to a F+ cell. cells that have undergone this change are referred to by the abbreviation Hfr. (high frequency recombination

45
Q

what are bacteriophages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

46
Q

what are transposons

A

genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

47
Q

what are the 4 phases of the bacterial growth curve and there features

A

Lag phase: get used to environment; little growth
Exponential phase: use available resources to multiply at an exponential rate
Stationary phase: bacterial multiplication slows as resources are used up
Death phase: bacteria die as resources become insufficient to support the colony

48
Q

Describe viral structure

A

viruses are composed of genetic material, a protein coat (capsid), and sometimes an envelope containing lipids

49
Q

what are virions

A

viral progeny

50
Q

viral genomes can either be

A

single or double stranded RNA or DNA

51
Q

describe positive and negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses

A

positive: genome can be directly translated to functional proteins by the ribosomes of the host cell, like mRNA
Negative: more complicated; RNA acts as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand which can then be used as a template for protein synthesis

52
Q

negative sense RNA viruses must carry _ in the virion to ensure the complementary strand is synthesized

A

RNA replicase

53
Q

Retrovirus properties

A

enveloped single stranded RNA viruses; the virion contains two identical RNA molecules. carry reverse transcriptase, which synthesizes DNA from RNA. DNA integrates into the host genome where it is replicated and transcribed. Allows cell to be infected indefinitely.

54
Q

Describe the Viral life cycle

A

Infection: virion is inserted into the host cell
Translation and progeny assembly: viral RNA is translated into proteins
Progeny release: cell death, extrusion, and lysing released virions
lytic and lysogenic cycles:

55
Q

what is extrusion

A

extrusion is when a virus can leave a cell by fusing with its plasma membrane. keeps host cell alive. a virus in this state is said to be in a productive cycle

56
Q

be able to describe both the lytic and lysogenic cycle

A

Draw them out

57
Q

what are prions

A

infectious proteins that cause disease by triggering misfolding of other proteins. usually from a a-helical to a B-pleated sheet.

58
Q

what are viroids

A

small pathogens consisting of a very short circular s-s RNAs that infect plants. can silence genes in the plant genome

59
Q

What types of nucleic acid could form the genome of a virus

A

SS DNA, SS RNA, DS DNA

60
Q

perioxisome functions

A

breakdown lipids and carbohydrates

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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