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MCAT Biology > The Endocrine system > Flashcards

The Endocrine system Flashcards

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1
Q

The endocrine system consists of organs known as _ that secrete _

A

glands

hormones

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2
Q

What are the 3 classifications of hormones

A

peptides
steroids
amino acid derivatives

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3
Q

peptide hormones are _ and cannot pass through the _ so they must bind to an _

A

polar
plasma membrane
extracellular receptor

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4
Q

Peptide hormones trigger a _ with the possibility of _ at each step

A

signaling cascade

amplification

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5
Q

List 3 common secondary messengers

A

cAMP
IP3 inositol
calcium

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6
Q

peptides are _ so they can travel freely in the bloodstream

A

water-soluble

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7
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from _ and can cross the cell membrane bc they are _

A

cholesterol

lipid soluble

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8
Q

steroid receptors are usually _ or _ ;location

A

intracellular or intranuclear

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9
Q

upon binding steroid hormone-receptor complexes experience a

A

conformational change

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10
Q

a common form of conformational change for steroid hormone-receptor complexes is _ ; what is it

A

dimerization

the pairing of 2 receptor-hormone complexes

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11
Q

Steroid hormones must be carried by _ in the bloodstream to travel around the body

A

proteins

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12
Q

Amino acid-derivative hormones include _ _ _ and are derived from 1-2 amino acids usually with a few _

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thryoxine

modifications

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13
Q

What defines a catecholamine; examples,

A

Amino acid-derivative hormone that bind to G protein coupled receptors
epinephrine and norepinephrine

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14
Q

What is the difference between direct and tropic hormones

A

direct hormones are secreted then act directly on a target tissue; whereas tropic hormones require an intermediary to act.

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15
Q

most peptide and amino acid derivative hormones have names that end in _ and most steroid hormones have names that end in _

A
  • in or ine

- one, ol, or oid

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16
Q

The duration of action of steroid hormones is _ than peptide hormones, but the speed of onset is _

A

longer

slower

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17
Q

What are all the endocrine glands

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
gonads
pineal gland
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18
Q

The hypothalamus is the bridge between the _ and the _. it regulates the pituitary gland through _

A

nervous and endocrine system

tropic hormones

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19
Q

to maintain homeostasis the release of hormones by the hypothalamus is regulated by _ ;concept

A

negative feedback

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20
Q

What is the hypophyseal portal system

A

a blood vessel system that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary

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21
Q

Describe the hypothalamic negative feedback mechanism

A

the hypothalamus releases CRF to the anterior pituitary. the anterior pituitary releases ACTH to the adrenal cortex and stimulates the secretion of cortisol. Cortisol serves as negative feedback for the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

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22
Q

The posterior pituitary does not receive _ hormones. rather, neurons in the hypothalamus send their axons down the pituitary directly into the posterior pituitary. which can then release _ and _

A

tropic

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH/vasopressin)

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23
Q

FLAT PEG; importance and type

A 
the hormones of the anterior pituitary
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
(tropic)
Prolactin
Endorphins
Growth hormone (GH)
direct
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24
Q

Prolactin purpose; and location

A

stimulates milk production in the mammary glands

25
Q

What do endorphins do

A

decrease the perception of pain

26
Q

Growth hormone (GH); purposes; net reaction

A

promotes growth of bone and muscle
prevents glucose uptake in certain tissues
stimulates the breakdown of fatty acids
-This increases the availability of glucose overall and is stimulated by GHRH released via the hypothalamus

27
Q

Importance of the epiphyseal plates

A

special regions where bone growth originates

28
Q

What can cause gigantism or drawfism

A

an excess or deficit of growth hormone GH

29
Q

importance of ADH; when is it sent out; where from

A

secreted via the posterior pituitary in response to low blood volume or increased blood osmolarity. It increases the permeability of the collecting duct in kidneys; increasing the reabsorption of water from the filtrate in the nephron.

30
Q

importance of oxytocin; when is it sent out; where from

A

oxytocin is unusual and has a positive feedback loop. it allows for coordinated contraction of smooth muscle and may be involved in bonding behavior.

31
Q

The thyroid is controlled by _

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

32
Q

What is the thyroid purpose

A

sets basal metabolic rate and promotes calcium homeostasis.

33
Q

What hormones are important for the thyroids function

A

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

34
Q

mnemonic and purpose of calcitonin

A

CalciTONin TONes down calcium levels in the blood

35
Q

Parathyroid gland; function, purpose, horomone

A

secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH raises blood calcium levels, and activates vitamin D.

36
Q

The adrenal glands are located on top of the _; consists of the adrenal _ and _. purpose

A

kidneys
cortex and medulla
secretes corticosteroids

37
Q

What are the 3 functional classes of corticosteroids

A

glucocorticoid, mineralocorticoid, and cortical sex hormones

38
Q

Glucocorticoids; purpose; examples

A

regulate glucose levels and affect protein metabolism; cortisol and cortisone.

39
Q

Mineralocorticoids; purpose; examples

A

used in salt and water homeostasis. aldosterone.

40
Q

function of aldosterone

A

increases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct of the nephron.

41
Q

Describe the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

decreases blood pressure causes juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney to secrete renin. renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). angiotensin II stimulates the secretion of aldosterone in the adrenal cortex.

42
Q

The 2 types of cortical sex hormones

A

androgens and estrogens

43
Q

The adrenal medulla purpose

A

the secretion/production of the sympathetic hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

44
Q

What is the islets of Langerhans

A

located in the pancreas, contain alpha, beta, and delta cells.

45
Q

What do the 3 cell types in the pancreas secrete

A

alpha- secrete glucagon
beta- secrete insulin
delta- secrete somatostatin

46
Q

glucagon purpose

A

secreted during times of fasting, increases glucose production by triggering glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the degrradation of protein and fat.

47
Q

insulin purpose

A

secreted when blood glucose levels are high. induces the uptake of glucose and store it as glycogen

48
Q

Describe the relationship between blood glucose and insulin

A

high blood glucose stimulates insulin secretion, which lowers blood glucose. low blood glucose inhibits insulin which increase blood glucose.

49
Q

Differentiate the 2 types of diabetes mellitus

A

type 1 = caused by autoimmune destruction of the B-cells of the pancreas, results in low or absent insulin production
type 2= caused by resistance to the effects of insulin at the receptor level. obesity caused

50
Q

What is somatostatin

A

an inhibitor of insulin and glucagon secretion.

51
Q

pineal gland purpose

A

secretes melatonin and involved in circadian rhythms.

52
Q

erythropoietin purpose

A

stimulates bone marrow to increase the production of erythocytes

53
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) purpose

A

released via heart to help regulate salt and water balance

54
Q

thymosin purpose

A

important for proper T-cell development and differentiation

55
Q

what results in acromegaly

A

overproduction of growth hormone in adults

56
Q

iodine deficiency may result in

A

cretinism

57
Q

the conversion of ATP to cAMP must caused by a _ hormone

A

peptide

58
Q

dopamine secretion prevents _ release

A

prolactin

MCAT Biology (6 decks)

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