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biology 12 > the reproductive system > Flashcards

the reproductive system Flashcards

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1
Q

which two extremes are there of the reproductive system?

A

male and female

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2
Q

define gonads

A

primary sex organs responsible for producing gametes (sex cells) and secreting sex hormones

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3
Q

what are accessory reproductive organs?

A

structures used to transport and nourish gametes before fertilization

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4
Q

where are sperm formed? produced? (it is NOT the same answer!)

A
  • formed in the testes
  • produced in the seminiferous tubules
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5
Q

define seminiferous tubules

A

highly coiled structures within the testes where sperm production (spermatogenesis) occurs

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6
Q

where does sperm go after it’s produced?

A

to the rete testes then the epididymis

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7
Q

define epididymis

A

a highly coiled tube approx 6ft long

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8
Q

how long does it take for sperm to mature/travel through the epididymis?

A

20 days

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9
Q

where does sperm end up after travelling through the epididymis?

A

ductus deferens (vas deferens)

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10
Q

explain what happens when a man is sexually stimulated (what is the process of sperm getting ejected?)

A
  • stored in ampulla of ductus deferens
  • expelled into ejaculatory duct when sexually stimulated
  • exits through urethra
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11
Q

name the 3 semen-producing accessory glands that sperm pass by on their journey to exit the penis

A
  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate gland
  3. bulbourethral glands
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12
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

nutrition, mobility (through muscular contractions) and clotting of ejaculate

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13
Q

what is the function of the prostate gland?

A

thins semen for easier sperm movement + adds citric acid for energy

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14
Q

what is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

A

produces alkaline fluids to neutralize urethra and lubricate the penis

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15
Q

fill in the blanks: the male reproductive system produces _____, which are transported from the _____ through the ________ and ductus _______ before being ejaculated through the _______. Sperm are joined by secretions from 3 accessory _______ that add fluid to produce _____.

A

sperm, testes, epididymis, (ductus) deferens, urethra, glands, semen

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16
Q

name the 2 major external structures of the male reproductive system and define them

A
  1. scrotum: flap of skin between the legs that contains the testes
  2. penis: the structure that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
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17
Q

name the function of the scrotum

A

maintains ideal temperature for sperm survival (2-3°C lower than normal body temperature).

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18
Q

name the function of the penis

A

delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract.

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19
Q

name the parts of the penis (3 parts)

A
  1. shaft
  2. glans penis (tip)
  3. erectile tissue
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20
Q

what do the cremaster muscles do?

A

they control how near the testes are to the body depending on external temperatures

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21
Q

define spermatogenesis

A

the process of sperm production

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22
Q

explain how sperm are formed (3 steps)

A
  1. spermatogonia (diploid stem cells) divide through meiosis to create 4 spermatids w/ 23 chromosomes
  2. during spermiogenesis, spermatids take the shape of mature sperm
  3. move closer to the lumen of the seminiferous tubule as they develop, where they will eventually be released
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22
Q

name the 3 main sections of a sperm cell and their functions

A
  1. head: contains the nucleus and an acrosome (contains enzymes to break into the egg during fertilization)
  2. mid-piece: contains mitochondria to provide the sperm energy to swim with
  3. tail/flagellum: used to generate movement
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23
Q

what is another name for the external female genitalia? what does it include?

A

the vulva.
includes the mons pubis, labia majora and labia minora

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24
Q

define mons pubis

A

fatty area covered with pubic hair; expands and offers protection during childbirth.

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25
Q

define labia majora + labia minora

A

skin folds which protect the vestibules

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26
Q

which structures does the vestibule contain? (4)

A
  • clitoris
  • urethral opening
  • vaginal opening
  • vestibular glands
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27
Q

how do eggs develop (oogenesis)? (6 steps)

A
  1. oogonia (stem cells) divide and develop into primary oocytes (immature eggs), housed in follicles
  2. the first meiotic division occurs during puberty when hormones stimulate a small number of follicles (small sacs of fluid in the ovaries containing a maturing egg) to mature.
  3. first meiotic division is unequal; a large secondary oocyte and a tiny polar body are produced. polar body and its chromosomes degenerate.
  4. follicle releasing the secondary oocyte is called ovulation.
  5. if secondary oocyte is fertilized, meiosis II happens. another polar body is produced and reduces the # of female chromosomes to 23
  6. follicle degenerates into corpus luteum after ovulation
28
Q

fill in the blanks: the _______ opening and urethra are found within the vestibule of the female genitalia. within the ovaries, hormones cause the maturation of _________ and eventually release a ___________ ______ during ________.

A

vaginal, follicles, secondary oocyte, ovulation

29
Q

the male reproductive system is dependent on which 3 hormones?

A

testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

30
Q

where are the following hormones produced?
1. testosterone
2. luteinizing hormone (LH)
3. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  1. interstitial cells of testes
  2. anterior pituitary
  3. anterior pituitary
31
Q

what are the functions of the following hormones?
1. testosterone
2. luteinizing hormone (LH)
3. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  1. maturation of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
  2. stimulates testosterone production
  3. stimulates sperm production
32
Q

name 4 secondary sex characteristics in males

A
  1. increased muscle mass and strength
  2. increased bone mass
  3. facial and pubic hair growth
  4. deeper voice
33
Q

when are LH and FSH produced in females?

A

when stimulated by the anterior pituitary

34
Q

which hormone is secreted by the ovaries and what does it do?

A

estrogen; causes female secondary sex characteristics

35
Q

when is progesterone produced? what produces it? what does it do?

A
  • produced after ovulation
  • produced by corpus luteus
  • helps to maintain the menstrual cycle
36
Q

name 5 female secondary sex characteristics

A
  1. breast development
  2. pubic hair growth
  3. increased fat deposits on hips and breasts
  4. widening of hips
  5. onset of menstrual cycle
37
Q

fill in the blanks: within the center of each breast is a darker ______ surrounding a ______.

A

areola, nipple

38
Q

fill in the blanks: beneath the skin, __-__ lobes of ________ ______ are connected by __________ tissue and fat.

A

15-25, alveolar glands, connective (tissue)

39
Q

where is milk produced and where does it pass through?

A
  • produced in alveolar glands
  • passes via lactiferous ducts through the nipple
40
Q

fill in the blanks: ___________ hormone and ________-___________ hormone are produced by the anterior _________ and affect both males and females. _____________ produced in the testes and _________ produced in the ovaries cause secondary sex characteristics

A

luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, (anterior) pituitary, testosterone, estrogen

41
Q

the uterine/menstrual cycle involves…

A

recurring changes to the endometrium (innermost lining of the uterus) due to hormone fluctuations

42
Q

what are the 3 stages of the uterine cycle?

A
  1. menstruation: endometrium is shed through the vagina. this is a period.
  2. proliferation: follicles in the ovaries grow and produce estrogen, which causes the endometrial lining to thicken. one of the mature follicles releases an egg
  3. corpus luteum secretes progesterone and uterine lining thickens further. glands within endometrium secrete nutrients to sustain an embryo but if the egg is not fertilized, estrogen and progesterone levels decrease.
43
Q

which hormones control the uterine cycle?

A

estrogen and progesterone

44
Q

fill in the blank: estrogen causes the endometrium to ______ in the ___________ phase, while __________ secreted from the c____ l______ causes the endometrium to secrete nutrients in the ________ phase. If the ovulated egg is _________, the endometrium will shed during the __________ phase

A

thicken, proliferative phase, progesterone, corpus luteus, secretory (phase), unfertilized, menstrual

45
Q

when must fertilization occur and why?

A
  • due to the viability of the sperm and egg, 2 days before ovulation up to 1 day after
46
Q

by the time sperm reach the oocyte, how many are left?

A

only a few hundred

47
Q

where is the acrosome located on the sperm and what does it do?

A
  • tip of the sperm
  • releases enzymes that break down the egg’s protective layer
48
Q

what does the egg do when a sperm penetrates the barrier?

A

releases granules that coat the outside to prevent other sperm from penetrating

49
Q

when does the egg complete the 2nd meiotic division?

A

oocyte nucleus completes it after fertilization

50
Q

name the two major stages of development and the approximate timing in weeks

A
  1. embryonic development: fertilization-week 8
  2. fetal development: week 9-birth
51
Q

when the embryo reaches the uterus, it’s made up of __ cells and is now known as a ______.

A

16 (cells), morula

52
Q

when one sperm cell penetrates the outer barrier of an oocyte, ____________ occurs. the oocyte goes through _ m___tic division and many m___tic divisions to form a small ball of cells (16) called the ______. after more division, the embryo (now called a __________ (100 cells)), implants in the _______

A

fertilization, 1 meiotic (division), many mitotic (divisions), morula, blastocyst, uterus.

53
Q

name the 2 layers the blastocyst arranges itself into during the first 2 weeks

A

inner cell mass + trophoblast

54
Q

what are the names of the projections that embed the blastocyst into the uterus, eventually becoming the placenta?

A

chorionic villi

55
Q

name the 3 germ layers made of embryonic stem cells:

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.

56
Q

a fetus is a clearly recongizable human embryo. this appears after ___ weeks.

A

8

57
Q

by 12 weeks…

A

fingers and toes are distinct

58
Q

by 16 weeks…

A

sex is differentiated

59
Q

by 20 weeks…

A

fetal movement felt by mother

60
Q

by 24 weeks…

A

eyebrows and fingernails develop

61
Q

by 28 weeks…

A

skin appears red

62
Q

by 32 weeks…

A

eyelids open, fingerprints set

63
Q

by 36 weeks…

A

amniotic fluid decreases

64
Q

by 40 weeks…

A

baby weighs around 3kg

65
Q

name the hormones responsible for contractions

A

oxytocin + prostaglandins

66
Q

what kind of feedback loop are uterine contractions?

A

postive feedback loop

67
Q

name the 3 stages of labour

A
  1. dilation stage: amniotic sac ruptures
  2. expulsion stage: baby is pushed outta vagina through cervix
  3. placental stage: uterus contracts to expel placenta
68
Q

the blastocyst differentiates into 3 ____ layers, which eventually becomes the baby’s ____ ______. Embryo grows into a fetus and is eventually expelled through _______ _____________.

A

germ, body systems, uterine contractions.

biology 12 (6 decks)

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