Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 12 > nervous system (10-pager and action potentials) > Flashcards

nervous system (10-pager and action potentials) Flashcards

know the nervous system material inside and out

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the Central Nervous System consists of…

A

brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are sensory (afferent) neurons responsible for?

A

sending impulses from the senses to the central nervous system (CNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cranial and spinal nerves make up the…

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are motor (efferent) neurons responsible for?

A

transmitting impulses from the central nervous system (CNS) to the muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

aside from involuntary muscle control, name THIS nervous system division and 3 things it’s responsible for:

A

system: autonomic nervous system
3 things: breathing, chewing, fight/flight response (all under the ‘survival skills’ umbrella )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

voluntary muscle control is controlled by THIS nervous system division:

A

somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

true or false? the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS can run at the same time

A

FALSE!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which NS division is used in emergency situations? name that division and give 1 example of something it regulates

A

name: sympathetic division
function: fight/flight/freeze/fawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

which NS division is NOT used in emergency situations? name that division and 2 of its functions

A

name: parasympathetic division
function: reduces sympathetic response and provides resting functions like digestion and urination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of the NS? which other system has the same function?

A

function: communication and control
name of other system: endocrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the nervous system is the ______ _______ ______ of the body.

A

master control center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the 3 things the nervous system uses/relies on to do its job properly are:

A
  1. sensory input (detects changes/stimulus from inside and outside the body)
  2. integrations/processing (processing and interpreting info)
  3. response (activation of muscles or glands)

so really it’s just sense -> process -> respond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name the 2 major types of nerve cells and their functions:

A
  1. neurons: make up ~10% of nerve cells, conduct impulses around the body
  2. neuroglia: make up ~90% of nerve cells; they support, insulate and protect neurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the structure of a neuron?

A

they all possess:
- a main cell body (containing nucleus, cytoplasm and organelles) w/ outward extending processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how many parts are processes divided into and what are they?

A
  • dendrites (receive signals/impulses from other neurons)
  • axons (send impulses away from cell body)
  • axon terminals (release neurotransmitters to pass impulses to the next neuron)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how are neurons classified? name all the possibilities within the 2 classification categories

A

the # of processes extending from cell body + function
- by process: unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
- by function: afferent, efferent, interneuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the myelin sheath and how is it formed?

A
  • is the cell’s waxy insulation
  • schwann cell (type of neuroglia) wraps itself around axon like a coil
  • all “lumps” on axon (myelin wrapping) tgt form the myelin sheath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

name the outer layer of the schwann cell

A

neurilemma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the function of myelin?

A

help nerve impulses travel quicker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are the names of the gaps between the myelin “lumps”?

A

nodes of ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

which type(s) of neuroglia are found in the CNS? which type(s) are found in the PNS?

A

CNS:
- astrocytes
- microglia
- ependymal cells
- oligodendrocytes
PNS:
- satellite cells
- schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define nerve impulses and describe why/how it occurs

A
  • electrical signal that travels along the neuron.
  • occurs bc ion movement causes a change in electric charges
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

at rest, a neuron’s intercellular space is __________ charged and the extracellular space is __________ charged

A

negatively, postively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

when the neuron is _______, either by the ___________ or _______ ______, ______ (element) rushes into it and reverses the charges. the charges being reversed is called ______________ and it’s also known as the ______ _________.

A

stimulated, environment, another neuron, sodium, depolarization, action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

name the 5 steps of an action potential (do NOT name the functions yet, that’s for another deck)

A
  1. resting potential
  2. threshold
  3. depolarization
  4. repolarization
  5. hyperpolarization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define resting potential and its voltage (intro 1/5)

A

neuron not transmitting any impulses. voltage: -70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

describe resting potential (3 points; detailed 1/5)

A
  • the neuron is not transmitting any impulses.
  • outside of (currently polarized because inside and outside regions have opposite charges) neuron is (+) charged, inside is (—) charged.
  • voltage: -70 mV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

describe threshold and its voltage (intro 2/5)

A

stimulus triggers influx of Na+ ions; voltage is -55 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

describe threshold (3 points; detailed 2/5)

A
  • action potential gets triggered when stimulus alters resting potential
  • stimulus opens stimulus-gated Na+ channels, and ion channels which lets Na+ ions rush in
  • sudden surge of Na+ ions cause a rise in voltage; it is -55mV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

describe depolarization and its voltage (intro 3/5)

A

threshold opens nearby Na+ channels, voltage surges and becomes +35 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

describe depolarization (3 points; detailed 3/5)

A
  • nearby voltage gated Na+ channels open once threshold voltage is reached.
  • even more Na+ ions enter cell
  • action potential triggers depolarization in each area
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

describe repolarization and its voltage (intro 4/5)

A

membrane repolarizes due to exiting of K+ ions. voltage: -70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

describe repolarization (3 points; detailed 4/5)

A
  • membrane repolarizes as action potential moves down axon
  • all Na+ channels close and K+ channels open
  • large outflux of (-) ions cause drop in voltage, it’s now -70 mv
34
Q

describe hyperpolarization (intro 5/5)

A

K+ channels stay open longer than needed; voltage: -75 mV

35
Q

describe hyperpolarization (4 points; detailed 5/5)

A
  • K+ channels stay open longer than needed
  • voltage falls briefly to -75 mV
  • Na/K pump must move more Na+ ions outside cell and more K+ inside cell
  • resting potential reached, neuron fires again
36
Q

what is a synapse? do neurons touch?

A

synapse: junction between 2 neurons where nerve impulses/action potentials are transmitted through neurontransmitters. and no, neurons don’t touch.

37
Q

space between neurons is called the…

A

synaptic cleft

38
Q

because there’s a synaptic cleft between neurons, impulses can’t get across directly. how are impulses transmitted, then?

A
  • via neurotransmitters
  • they bridge the gap and conduct the impulse in the next neuron

bonus:
- nerve impulse reaches knob-like extensions called synaptic bulbs and it triggers the release of neurotransmitters.

39
Q

what are the 5 steps of synaptic transmission? (no functions just yet)

A
  1. action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal
  2. Ca2+ channels open
  3. Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters
  4. neurotransmitters bind to receptors on post-synaptic neuron
  5. Na+ channels open on the postsynaptic neuron

(6. impulse continues)

40
Q

what is the refractory period?

A

the amount of time after an action potential when a neuron can’t fire again.

41
Q

what types of refractory periods are there?

A
  1. absolute refractory period
  2. relative refractory period
42
Q

differentiate between absolute and relative refractory period

A

absolute:
- neuron cannot trigger another action potential
- due to inactive Na+ channels
- lasts 1 ms

relative:
- neuron CAN trigger action potential but w/ larger stimulus
- due to K+ channels still open
- lasts 3 ms

43
Q

define the all-or-none rule

A

actions potentials either occur fully or not at all; larger stimuli do not result in larger action potentials. the FREQUENCY OF POTENTIALS is what determines how a stimulus is perceived by the CNS.

small stimuli:
- lower freq. of action potentials
- perceived by CNS as less intense

large stimuli:
- higher freq. of action potentials
- perceived by CNS as more intense

44
Q

3 layers of __________ ______ protects the CNS

A

connective tissue

45
Q

name the 3 layers of tissue that protect the CNS from superficial to deep and describe them briefly

A
  • dura mater: thick, tough layer
  • arachnoid mater: thin, cobweb-like layer
  • pia mater: thin layer w lots of blood vessels
46
Q

what is found between the arachnoid layer and pia mater? what does it do?

A

cerebrospinal fluid. it protects the brain by stopping it from hitting the skull and maintains the blood-brain barrier (maintains homeostasis and fights infections)

47
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced?

A

ventricles

48
Q

how many ventricles does the brain have? name them

A

4 in total: L, R, (lateral) 3rd and 4th

49
Q

what connects the latter ventricles (L+R) to the 3rd ventricle?

A

intraventricular foramen/foramen of monro

50
Q

what secretes CSF and where are they found?

A

capillary clusters called choroid plexus; found in ventricles

51
Q

what part of the NS controls the R side of the body

A

L hemisphere

52
Q

which chemical substances assist with carrying a message to the next neuron?

A

neurotransmitters

53
Q

define homeostasis

A

body’s ability to maintain stability/equilibrium

54
Q

which part of the brain is largest and controls thinking, reasoning and memory?

A

cerebrum

55
Q

subdivision of NS that brings info to CNS

A

peripheral NS

55
Q

system made of brain, spinal cord and nerves:

A

nervous system

56
Q

contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A

brainstem

57
Q

darker tissue of brain and spinal cord, mainly made of nerve cells and dendrites

A

grey matter

58
Q

message travelling from dendrites to axon

A

impulse

59
Q

part of CNS linking brain to rest of the body

A

spinal cord

60
Q

extensions of a neuron that receive message and conduct impulses toward the cell

A

dendrites

61
Q

subdivision of PNS that controls voluntary activities

A

somatic NS

62
Q

controls thirst, hunger and body temperature

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

rapid response to protect from danger that takes place without thinking about it

A

reflex

64
Q

part of NS and consists of brain and spinal cord

A

CNS

65
Q

type of neuron carrying messages w sense information

A

sensory neuron

66
Q

responsible for balance, coordination and routine movement

A

cerebellum

67
Q

controls L side of body

A

R hemisphere

68
Q

part of NS that controls involuntary mvt and responses

A

autonomic NS

69
Q

paler tissue of the brain and spinal cord, made mainly of myelin sheaths

A

white matter

70
Q

define axon

A

long nerve fibre that conducts away from the body of the neuron

71
Q

changes in the environment that cause a response

A

stimuli

72
Q

folds in the brain that allow for greater surface area

A

cortical folds

73
Q

backbones that protect the spinal cord

A

vertebrae

74
Q

insulating layer along the axon of nerve cell made mainly of fat and protein

A

myelin sheath

75
Q

reflex arc is….

A

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action

76
Q

the type of neuron carrying msgs telling muscles and glands to move are…

A

motor (efferent) neurons

77
Q

a synapse is…

A

the junction between two neurons where neutrotransmitters are released to transmit nerve impulses

78
Q

basic building block of the nervous system is…

A

neuron

78
Q

stores long-term memory

A

hippocampus

79
Q
A

biology 12 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions