The Reformation Flashcards
Define the term simony
the buying or selling of positions within the Church
Define the term nepotism
the appointing of relatives to Church jobs regardless of merit
Define the term pluralism
holding more than one Church job at the same time
Define the term absenteeism
a priest or bishop being absent from their parish or diocese for long periods of time
Define the term sale of indulgence
the selling of special prayers that were said to reduce the time a soul spent in purgatory
Define the term excommunication
expulsion from the Catholic Church and being unable to receive the sacraments
What were the courts of inquisition
Catholic courts set up during the Counter-Reformation to arrest, try and punish anyone thought to be a threat to Church teachings
Name and explain two causes of the reformation
The influence of the Renaissance: the church had helped to create the Renaissance by funding artists. This led to people questioning old beliefs as more people learn to read and write. They could read the Bible for themselves rather than accept everything the bishops and priest told them and it was often different. The invention of the printing press meant that ideas of the reformers could be spread quickly around Europe.
Abuse of powers in the Catholic Church: There were many abuses of power within the Catholic Church. These made people think that the popes, bishops and priests were more interested in their own wealth and power than in serving God.
These abuses included:
• Simony: the buying or selling of positions within the Church.
• Nepotism: the appointing of relatives to Church jobs regardless of merit.
• Pluralism: holding more than one Church job at the same time.
• Absenteeism: a priest or bishop being absent from their parish for long periods of time.
• The sale of indulgences: Catholics believed that when an average person died their soul would go to purgatory. The Church began to sell indulgences a special prayers that were said to reduce the time a soul spent in purgatory.
Name and explain two consequences of the reformation
Court of inquisition: the church set these up to try and punish anyone who taught to be a threat to catholic teachings. They used methods of torture to accuse people, anyone found guilty of the most serious offences were burned at stake in public to remind people of a danger they faced if they challenge the church. Other punishments included impressment,fines and confiscation of property.
The council of Trent: the church response to the attack on its teachings by the reformers. The council attempted to deal with the churches existing problems and try to impose discipline some of these were that priest cannot marry simony, pluralism, nepotism, absenteeism and the sale of indulgences were all banned. Fate and good works were required to get into heaven, and mass and the Bible must be in Latin.
What was the result of the Ulster plantation?
A very large number of planters arrived in a short space of time soon of a total Ulster population of 200,000 roughly 40,000 for Scots. Due to the high numbers of settlers ulster became the plantations area most loyal to the crown. The Gaelic Irish were driven off land they always owned. Tension between the Catholic natives and the Protestant settlers deepened into hatred and even violence from 1609 onwards. Over 20 new towns were founded during the Ulster plantation such as Donnegal and Derry and these towns were very well planned out. New farming methods were introduced and crops were favoured over cattle farming.
Name and explain two effects of the plantation on Irish identity
Religious identity: the majority of Ireland’s population remained Catholic but by 1700 Protestants owned 85% of the land. This became known as protestant ascendancy anger and mistress grew between the sides and tensions occasionally erupted into terrible violence on both sides.
Political conflict: Protestants ensured that they held onto their control wealth and land by introducing the penal laws. These were laws that suppressed the status of Catholics in Ireland, making it very difficult to escape poverty or achieve security. Some of these laws were that Catholics were forbidden to buy or inherit land,run schools or teach, vote, work in government or attend catholic mass
ng government or attend Catholic mass.
Tell me about the early Vikings
The first recorded Viking attacks on Ireland took place in 795 and focused on rich monasteries. By the mid-ninth century, the Vikings were establishing longphorts, camps by the water used as a base for raids. Many longphorts were temporary, while others grew into important trading posts and eventually large towns. Wexford, Waterford, Wicklow, Limerick and Dublin were all once longphorts. Early Christian Irish monasteries were easy targets for raiders. The Vikings took captives to sell as slaves, as well as cattle and any food stores. At this time, monasteries were often attacked by the native Irish people as well. Over time, the Vikings who settled in Ireland intermarried with Gaelic people and adopted Gaelic culture and customs. Eventually, the Vikings disappeared as a distinct group in Ireland, but they had deeply influenced Irish culture and society. The Vikings founded towns, for example Dublin, Waterford and Limerick.
Tell me about Martin Luther
Martin Luther was born into wealthy family in Germany in 1483. He then went on to study law and became a monk. He studied the Bible as he wanted to get into heaven. The Catholic Church said that people have to pray and do God’s work to get into heaven while Martin Luther didn’t believe this and only believe that God could forgive you for your sins. In 1517 John Tetzel came into Martin’s local town looking for money for the sale of indulgences he was telling people if they paid this they were guaranteed to go to heaven. Luther was appalled and wrote a letter to the pope Leo V who ignored him. He later wrote 95-theses in Latin and is said to have nailed them to the door of a church for everyone to read. Due to the printing press it was translated to German and spread like wildfire. It was only in 1519 the Pope Leo V see Luther as a threat and send someone to publicly debate him. Luther said worst things this time like that the pope had no rule over Christianity. He was expelled from the Christian community after publicly burning a letter from the pope in 1519. In 1521 the diet of worms was held between princess in Germany to allow Luther to protest his beliefs there, but he refused and was then called an outlaw. His supporters known as Protestants were very upset. A warrant was sent out for his arrest so Prince Frederick or Saxony faked kidnapping him and hitting him in a castle in Waterburg for a year. He died in 1546.
