3rd Year Christmas Tests Flashcards
Who was saint Patrick
Patrick. He was brought to Ireland from Wales as a slave when he was 16 years old. After six years he escaped to Britain, but later returned as a bishop to spread Christianity. Between 432 and 461, St Patrick worked mainly in the north, and founded many churches and missions. He the began to convert the paagen celts to Christians
Tell me about the arrival of Christianity in Ireland
Early Christian Ireland is the period when Christianity first came to Ireland. By the third century AD the Roman Empire had spread as far as Britain and from the fourth century Britain was mainly Christian, so some Christians were probably also in Ireland by then. For historians, the first official source about Christianity in Ireland is dated AD 431, when a bishop named Palladius was sent to the ‘Irish who believe in Christ’.
Tell me about life in a monastery
The monks lived very strict, simple lives and spent their days praying and working. They prayed six to eight times every day. Farm work included ploughing, milking, harvesting and grinding corn. The monks were often self-sufficient - they produced all the food they needed. Monasteries became centres of learning, and Irish monasteries were famous as the best in the world for the teaching of poetry, literature, arts and the
Tell me about the Black Death
The worst disease to affect Europe in the Middle Ages was the bubonic plague. This peaked between 1347 and 1350 and is estimated to have killed at least one-third of Europe’s population in an event known as ‘the Black Death’. The plague was carried by fleas, which are thought to have first arrived via ships’ rats from the Black Sea area and to have spread along the trade network throughout Europe.
The symptoms included oozing swellings (buboes) all over the body, darkly discoloured skin and the filling of the lungs with phlegm. It was extremely contagious and could be contracted by sneezing, spitting or touching dead bodies. It spread quickly in towns and as it worsened, bodies were simply left in the street to be collected. This only spread it even faster. Once infected, people had a 70-80% chance of dying within a week.
What was the impact of the Black Death
So many people died within such a short period that Europe was greatly changed by the Black Death:
• The feudal system, especially serfdom, went into decline, as many serfs left manors and moved to the towns to replace those who had died.
• The peasants who remained on the land were able to demand better treatment from their lords, a reduction in the taxes they paid and more land because there were fewer of them to do the work.
• The failure to find a cure for the Black Death meant that doctors began to question their practices.
This would lead to big changes in medicine during the Renaissance, as we will see in the next chapter.
What was there reason for the age of exploration
New trade routes: The trade in silks and spices (needed to help preserve and flavour food) from the East was very profitable. After the Black Death, Europe’s population grew rapidly and became wealthier. Explorers and traders could grow very rich if they could find ways to get more goods to Europe more quickly.
The influence of the Renaissance:
People were eager to learn and were questioning their existing beliefs.
In particular, the rediscovery of the Geographia by the Roman writer Ptolemy, which contained Roman knowledge about geography, changed how people understood the world.
The stories of Marco Polo: Polo was a fourteenth-century Italian who had travelled to China and wrote about the great wealth and incredible things he had seen. His book made people want to see these wonders for themselves.
What was a carvel
large and sturdy enough to make long voyages and able to sail in all winds.
What was a portolan chart
Was a chart which mapped harbours and coastlines more precisely, recording information like currents, tides and depth.
What is a log and line
measured a ship’s speed in knots.
What is fascism?
Fascism is a form of government that is a one-party dictatorship based on nationalistic ideas of racial superiority.
How did hitler come into power
Many blamed the Weimar government for Germany’s defeat, for the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles and the hard times afterwards.
The German economy was on its knees after World War I. Germany took out loans from the US during the 1920s to try to recover.
Hitler used propaganda to his advantage. He used short simple slogans so everyone could understand. He played on people’s emotions, particularly in relation to the Treaty of Versailles, unemployment and communism.
Exactly what communism is
Communism is a political and economic system where the government controls all property wealth is shared equally and there are no social class. Private property is abolished and government owes our land.
Who were the Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks was a revolutionary group in Russia that by Vladimir Lennon who aimed to establish communism.
Explain how Hitler is economic policies in his own fascist Germany
• Independent trade unions were abolished and strikes were made illegal.
• Public works schemes were created to build motorways (called Autobahnen) and the Olympic stadium. Many unemployed people found work on projects such as these.
• Rearmament, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles, began to take place. This involved ships, submarines, planes, arms and ammunition being manufactured again for the German military.
• The motor industry also expanded. A new car called Volkswagen (‘the people’s car’) was designed and manufactured in 1937. It was priced at the same cost as a small motorcycle, so most people could afford one.
• Hitler cut taxes to encourage private industry. Many companies benefited from this, such as Krupps (steel), Siemens (electronics) and Mercedes-Benz (motors).
Explain how used education in fascist Germany
Hitler concentrated on the young, aware that they would be the future of the Nazi Party. Nazi youth groups were set up, including the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls. There, children were indoctrinated (brainwashed) with Nazi ideas.
• In schools, textbooks were rewritten to glorify Germany and Hitler. Mein Kampf became the official history textbook.
• Teachers had to be members of the Nazi Party.
• Loyalty to the Führer was taught at every level of education and a portrait of Hitler was displayed in every classroom.
Explain how women were forced to live during Hitler’s fasciest Germany
Women were expected to stay at home and look after the family. Female doctors, teachers and civil servants were forced to give up their careers. Even near the end of the war, women were not asked to serve in the armed forces.
• A woman’s job was to keep the home nice for her husband and family - a woman’s life was to revolve around ‘the three Ks’: Kinder, Küche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church). ‘The three Ks’ were promoted within propaganda and made clear what German women’s roles should be.
• Hitler wanted a high birth rate, so that the population would grow. Mothers who had more than eigh children were awarded a gold medal.
Explain how Hitler used propaganda to make his fasciest Germany
Joseph Goebbels was made Minister for National Enlightenment and Propaganda. He was in complete control of the press, radio, cinemas, theatres and art. Books by Jews were banned, along with any books disagreeing with Nazism. Book burnings took place to rid the country of such books.
• Goebbels organised the production of cheap radios, called ‘the people’s radio’, so that Hitler’s speeches could reach every home. Loudspeakers were installed along streets.
• Posters were put up all around Germany presenting Hitler as a godlike figure, as we saw in Russia with Stalin. People had to celebrate Hitler’s birthday, and ‘Heil Hitler!’ or ‘Hail Hitler!’ was a common greeting. The Nazi salute was made compulsory.
What was the gestapo
secret police
Explain how Hitler used terror to make his fascism Germany
By 1934, Hitler began to believe that his SA were a threat to him, particularly their leader Ernst Röhm. Hitler had set up the SS as his personal bodyguards and they were led by Heinrich Himmler.
On 30 June 1934, in a two-day purge known as the Night of the Long Knives, the SS killed the leaders of the SA and others they suspected of being a threat.
• From as early as 1933, critics of the regime or people who were considered undesirable in Nazi Germany were sent to forced labour camps, similar to Stalin’s gulags. Among them were journalists and political prisoners (including communists), LGBTQ+ people, Roma people, people with disabilities, Catholic priests, Jehovah’s Witnesses and a great many Jews.
Also set up a secret police force
Name and explain Hitler 3 main aims
1 rebuilding the army Navy: did Tracy of Viles restricted Jeremy‘s army to 1000 men. Disobeyed this by having more than 1000 men and reinforcing the constituents meaning that man of age had to join the army
2 reoccupying the Rhineland: in 1936 hit since since the rain land orders tree trees of France army to meet them France didn’t.
- The Anschluss: The treaty of Versailles forbid Germany from uniting with Austria so it did just that and the agreement was signed absorbing Austria into the third reich
What is Anschluss
It is the joining together of Germany and Austria
Why did France and Britain stand by when hitler rebuilt the German army
France did not want to risk of war with Germany over the Rhineland, especially as the size of the German army was unknown.
• France believed that its system of fortification along its eastern border with Germany, called the MaginotLine, would be enough to prevent a German attack.
2• Many British people felt that the Treaty of Versailles had actually been too harsh on Germany and were sympathetic towards its people.
France, Britain and others were very concerned about Stalin and the weak fortnications
threat of communism.
What was appeasement
It was the agreeing to hitter’s demands in the hope of avoiding war
Why did the British not want to fight Germany
Awareness of all the lives lost in the horrors of World War I was very fresh in British minds. In the ‘Peace Ballot’ of 1934-1935, millions of British people voted for a pacifist (pro-peace) approach,
What was the Sunderland
The majority German-speaking regions of Czechoslovakia
Who met in Munich conference and why did the meet
In September 1938, Neville Chamberlain, Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Édouard Daladier (of France) met for the Munich Conference to discuss the issue of Czechoslovakia and the Sudetenland.
They agreed to make Czechoslovakia surrender the area of the Sudetenland to Germany. Notably, Czechoslovakia was not part of the talks. Hitler promised the other leaders that he would not demand any more territory.
What two things did hitler and Stalin agree to
• a ten-year period when they would not attack each other or help each other’s enemies
• a secret clause: an agreement to partition
Poland between them,
How did World War Two start
On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany. World War II had begun.
Three types of propaganda during stalins Russia
- radio and newspaper control: news censored and criticism of the communist party was not allowed in any form of media
- Show trials: these were public trials of senior party leaders which were held in Moscow. The leaders provided evidence of the wrongdoing and confessed to crimes many were executed.
- Education: in schools children were taught that Stalin was a great leader a new textbook. A short history of the USSR was published which held stallion as a deity and exaggerated his role in the communist revolution.
What was the Gulag?
labour camps in the Soviet union they were set up under Lennon but were improved by stallion. People often work to death and the conditions were horrible.
Define the term industrialisation
Stallion introduced the five year plans which are made at target for industry. They were three plans made all were successful and boosted USSR to the second largest industry in the world.
Define the term collectivisation
In the late 1920s Russian argculture was not producing enough food to increase production. All the land has taken over by the states. Many of these peasants died from famine so they rebelled.
What was life like in Gulag?
The prisoners in these camped worked all types of industries such as chopping trees mining farming factory work and much more over 1 million people died as they were worked hard and lived in very bad conditions
What would lies of women in Soviet Russia?
Women’s life’s changed a lot in the USSR in the workplace they put on much more equal footing to men. They worked in Manly predominantly men industries in the west such as engineering medicine and construction by 1930 1/2 of all workers woman which had almost doubles since 1927 facilities set up to enable both husband and wives to work such as crèches and kindergardens.
