The Red Eye

Question 1

where can you see redness

Answer 1

Eyelids	
Conjunctiva/episclera/sclera	
Third eyelid	
Cornea	
Anterior chamber	
Anterior uvea		
Posterior uvea/Retina		
Retrobulbar area

Question 2

3 parts of an eyelid that can become red

Answer 2

skin, melbomian glands, conjunctiva

Question 3

causes of eyelid redness

Answer 3

Hyperemia, swelling, ulcers, crusts, loss of hair

Question 4

affect of eyelid damage

Answer 4

effects cornea and tear film
hyperaemia - irritates white of the eye
corneal irritation - vascularization

Question 5

How do we get red conjunctiva/episclera /sclera

Answer 5

eyelids, third eyelid, sclera

Ends at the limbus

Question 6

properties of conjuntival blood vessels (bv)

Answer 6

dichotomous branching

v.sensitive to surface irritation

Question 7

causes of dilation + separation of endothelial cells of conjuntival bvs

Answer 7

hyperaemia

oedema (chemosis)

Question 8

properties of episcleral bvs

Answer 8

no dichotomous branching
larger
meandering

Question 9

causes of problems in episcleral bvs

Answer 9

intraocular disease (uveitis + glaucoma)
severe/chronic surface irritation

Question 10

makeup of the sclera

Answer 10

the “white of the eye”
fibrous tunic
collagen fibres + fibroblasts
emisaria (holes for bvs + nerves)

Question 11

4 layers of the cornea (from external to internal)

Answer 11

Epithelium
Stroma
Descemet’s membrane
Endothelium

Question 12

properties of the epithelium of the cornea

Answer 12

hydrophobic
doesn’t have blood vessels
has nerves

Question 13

properties of the stroma of the cornea

Answer 13

hydrophilic

stays relatively dehydrated

Question 14

how does the stroma keep in optimal conditions

Answer 14

endothelium pumps fluid into the AC

epithelium provides a passive barrier

Question 15

what do we call stromal overhydration

Answer 15

corneal oedma

Question 16

what can cause corneal oedema

Answer 16

ulceration
glaucoma
uveitis
vascularisation

Question 17

what does the aqueous humour (AH) do

Answer 17

establishes IOP
It feeds the posterior cornea and the anterior lens
Comes from the ciliary body into the posterior chamber (PC)
Goes through pupil into AC + exits through the ICA/uvea/sclera

Question 18

what two diseases affect the AC

Answer 18

uveitis

glaucoma

Question 19

what is the anterior uvea made up of

Answer 19

iris
capillary body
muscles + blood ocular barrier

Question 20

what is the posterior uvea

Answer 20

choroid

tapetum lucidum

Question 21

common denominator of the uvea

Answer 21

mesh of blood vessels

usually has a lot of pigment

Question 22

endothelial cell separation into the AC can be in how many forms

Answer 22

keratic precipitates, hypopion, hyphema, fibrin

Question 23

what is adhesion of the iris to the anterior lens

Answer 23

Posterior synechiae

Question 24

effects of preiridal fibrovascular membranes (PIFMs)

Answer 24

rubeosis iridis - grow over iris, pale iris seen
hyphema - bleeding in the eye
a type of secondary glaucoma - blockage of ICA

Question 25

causes of sudden decompression of the anterior uvea

Answer 25

Infl
Anterior synechiae
Bleeding from the iris and ICA

Question 26

causes of a red anterior uvea

Answer 26

corneal perforation
iris + lens damage (bleeding, cataract)
foreign body

Question 27

causes of a red posterior uvea

Answer 27

posterior + anterior uveitis
bleeding in the anterior segment of the eye
retinal detatchment

Question 28

causes of a red retrobulbar area

Answer 28

infl + infection

neoplasia

Question 29

causes of infl + infection in the retrobulbar area

Answer 29

1.   Stick injuries through mouth
2.   Originating from a middle ear abscess
3.   Conjunctival foreign bodies that travel posteriorly
4.   Through general circulation
5.   Blunt trauma – bleeding/hemorrhage
6.   Parasitic diseases

Question 30

retrobulbar area problems can lead to

Answer 30

altered position of the eye in the orbit
altered relationship with the eyelid
possible incr pressure around the eye
swelling/infection of tissues around it

Question 31

the 3 ancillary tests

Answer 31

STT-1
Fluorescein
Tonometry