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Ophthalmology > A color guide to the cornea > Flashcards

A color guide to the cornea Flashcards

1
Q

Vascularization - colour

A

red/pink

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2
Q

Vascularization - causes

A

Irritants

Chronic diseases - (Canine LPI/pannus and feline EK)

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3
Q

Deposits/Infiltrates - colour

A

white/yellow

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4
Q

Deposits/Infiltrates - causes

A

Cholesterol / Calcium
Scar
Abscess
Fluorescein

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5
Q

Oedema - colour

A

blue- many hues

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6
Q

oedema - causes

A 
Superficial corneal level (ulcers and vascularization) 
Intraocular disease (uveitis, glaucoma, lens luxation)
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7
Q

pigment - colour

A

brown/black

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8
Q

pigment - causes

A

Irritants and chronic dz
scar
Sequestra

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9
Q

eyelid + hair abnormalities that cause vascularization via irritation

A 
Entropion 
Ectropion 
Trichiasis 
Distichiasis 
Ectopic cilium
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10
Q

Chronic immune mediated diseases - infiltrative

A

Canine Lymphocytic Plasmacytic Infiltrate (LPI) aka corneal pannus, chronic superficial keratitis (CSK)
Feline Eosinophilic Keratitis (EK)

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11
Q

Chronic immune mediated diseases - non-infiltrative

A

Canine dry eye (Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca/KCS)

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12
Q

Canine Lymphocytic Plasmacytic Infiltrate (LPI)

A

Cellular infiltrate and vascularization, +/- pigment

Dorsolateral corneoconjunctiva usually affected first

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13
Q

Eosinophilic keratitis (EK)

A

Cats (rabbits and horses too)
primary, immune mediated, idiopathic
Cellular infiltrate and vascularization
Dorsolateral corneoconjunctival area usually affected first
Infiltrate is pink to white and in the form of plaques or “clumps”

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14
Q

Eosinophilic keratitis (EK) - make up of the infiltrate

A

Neutrophils
Plasma cells
Clusters of eosinophils

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15
Q

LPI of dogs and EK of cats - Treatment - dog

A

topical use of immunomodulators - ciclsporin
Dogs in temperate climates respond fairly well
Dogs in sunny places (or with snow around) do not

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16
Q

LPI of dogs and EK of cats - Treatment - cat

A 
immunomodulators 
Topical steroid - dexamethasone phosphate
maybe ciclosporin
Some cats may find it irritating 
Some cats may not respond very well
17
Q

LPI of dogs and EK of cats - Treatment - dose rates

A

start with high freq of application
taper off v.slowly
low maintenance dose

18
Q

Canine dry eye (KCS – keratoconjunctivitis sicca) - Treatment

A

Topical ciclosporin bid or sid, long term (for life)

Preservative-free, viscous tears (preservatives are irritants)

19
Q

Canine dry eye - acute form

A

Affects young and older dogs
Less mucus and less hyperemia than chronic cases
But often ulcerative

20
Q

canine dry eye - chronic form leads to…

A

Scarring
Pigment changes
Vascularization

21
Q

Lipid infiltrate - appearance

A

Reflective white crystals in superficial stroma

22
Q

Lipid infiltrate - Primary form

A

dystrophy
Most common
No vascularization
In several breeds ie King Charles spaniels, Huskies, etc

23
Q

Lipid infiltrate - Secondary form

A

degeneration, accompanied by vascularization

Associated with chronic corneal problems + hypothyroidism

24
Q

Lipid infiltrate - treatment

A

might be removed if large (eg affecting vision) but non-painful

25
Q

Lipid infiltrate - progression

A

Usually slowly progressive
Dietary control may slow down progression
Topical steroids and estrus can speed up progression

26
Q

Calcium infiltrate - appearance

A

Chalky, non-reflective white crystals in superficial stroma

May adopt a reticulated pattern

27
Q

Calcium infiltrate - Secondary

A

degeneration
Associated with chronic corneal problems
Accompanied by vascularization
Might need to be removed via keratectomy if painful
can spiculate

28
Q

Calcium infiltrate - spiculation

A

Spicules break through epithelium

this causes pain

29
Q

Corneal Scar

A

Associated with chronic keratitis, ulcerative keratitis and surgery
May be accompanied by residual vascularization and pigment

30
Q

Corneal Scar - appearance

A

Whitish discoloration
Non reflective
Non crystalline
Dull

31
Q

Corneal abscess

A

accumulation of WBCs
Enzymes can lead to rapid collagen melting
Not a pocket of fluid (cannot be drained)

32
Q

oedema - causes

A

Loss of epithelium
Loss of endothelium
Vascularization (leakage)

33
Q

oedema - pathogenesis - loss of epithelium

A

ulcer

34
Q

oedema - pathogenesis - endothelial damage

A

Incr intraocular pressure (glaucoma)
infl (uveitis, accompanied by low pressure)
Primary endothelial degeneration (presumed inherited)
Contact (lens, surgery)

35
Q

oedema - pathogenesis - vascularization

A

developing vessels leak

36
Q

pigmentary keratitis of pugs

A

with medial canthal and lower eyelid entropion
overexposure of the cornea + conjunctiva
Occasionally associated with dry eye (KCS)
v.proliferative pigment response that starts medially
sight impairing to blinding by 2 years of age

37
Q

Sequestra of cats – Idiopathic and spontaneous

A

But associated with chronic irritation
commonly in the central cornea (the most vulnerable part)
Medially with medial lower eyelid entropion

38
Q

Sequestra of cats – Progressive lesion

A

Light tan discoloration of superficial stroma, intact epithelium
Darkening of lesion, loss of epithelium, vascularization, pain
Hardening and deepening of the lesion

Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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