The real stuff Flashcards
what is the method for the scientific approach?
make observation hypothesis design experiment analyze data accept or reject hypothesis
What are the types of variables?
independent
dependent
what is an independent variable?
a variable you control
what is a dependent variable?
a variable you measure
what is a hypothesis?
a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
what are the SI units?
length - meter mass kg time s electric current ampere A thermodynamics K amount of substance mol luminosity candelle
where are electrons located and what is their charge?
electron is located outside the nucleus and has a negative charge
what is an isotope?
having the same number of protons but different neutrons
what are protons?
positive charges electrons found in the nucleus
what element undergo radioactivity?
the super large ones
what is an alpha particle?
4 2 helium
what is a beta particle?
-1
what are valence electrons?
the highest energy level
what is the lowest state?
the ground state
what is a covalent bond?
sharing
what is an ionic bond?
bonding of one negative and one positive ion
what kinds of elements have covalent bonds?
non metal elements,
what are cations and anions?
cat= pos
anion-negative
what is isolectric?
they have the same number of electrons in the outer shells
what are polar bonds?
when one electron attracts another more strongly
what is the most electronegative element?
flourine
which elements share equally?
elements with close electronegtaiy
what are isomers?
compounds with the same formula but different structures
how does structure relate to boiling point?
straighter the higher the boiling point, and longer the chain
what is the specific heat capacity?
amount of heat needed to change 1 gram by 1 degree celcius
what is molar heat capacity?
the amount of heat needed to raise that temp by 1 degree celcius of one mole
what is sublimation?
sublimation
what is a gas to a solid?
deposition
what is the ideal gas equation?
pV=nRT
what does charles law deal with?
absolute temperature
what is a solvent?
what is a solute is dissolved in
how can concentration be expressed?
molality or molarity
what re the cools for litmus paper?
acid - red
neutral- grey
basic- blue
what makes a strong electrolyte?
a strong acid
what is a polyprotic acid?
one that doesn’t easily break
how can you tell is an element is being oxidized?
the number increase OILRIG
describe an endothermic reaction?
reactions + heat= products
what is ∆ H
enthalpy
what happen when ∆ H is negative?
reaction is exothermic
what happens when ∆ is positive?
reaction is endothermic
what is the first law of thermodynamics?
The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can not be created or destroyed; it can only be redistributed or changed from one form to another.
The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium almost always increases.
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero.
what si the gibbs free energy equation?
∆G=∆H-T∆S
what happens if ∆G is negative?
proceeds spontaneously
what happens if ∆G is positive?
does not proceed
what happens if ∆G is neutral?
at equilibrium
what does ∆H, ∆G, and ∆S measure
∆H- heat
∆G- reactivity
∆S- disorder
