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Praxis Physical science > The real stuff > Flashcards

The real stuff Flashcards

1
Q

what is the method for the scientific approach?

A 
make observation
hypothesis
design experiment
analyze data 
accept or reject hypothesis
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2
Q

What are the types of variables?

A

independent

dependent

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3
Q

what is an independent variable?

A

a variable you control

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4
Q

what is a dependent variable?

A

a variable you measure

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5
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.

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6
Q

what are the SI units?

A 
length - meter
mass kg
time s
electric current ampere A
thermodynamics K
amount of substance mol
luminosity candelle
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7
Q

where are electrons located and what is their charge?

A

electron is located outside the nucleus and has a negative charge

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8
Q

what is an isotope?

A

having the same number of protons but different neutrons

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9
Q

what are protons?

A

positive charges electrons found in the nucleus

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10
Q

what element undergo radioactivity?

A

the super large ones

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11
Q

what is an alpha particle?

A

4 2 helium

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12
Q

what is a beta particle?

A

-1

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13
Q

what are valence electrons?

A

the highest energy level

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14
Q

what is the lowest state?

A

the ground state

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15
Q

what is a covalent bond?

A

sharing

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16
Q

what is an ionic bond?

A

bonding of one negative and one positive ion

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17
Q

what kinds of elements have covalent bonds?

A

non metal elements,

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18
Q

what are cations and anions?

A

cat= pos

anion-negative

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19
Q

what is isolectric?

A

they have the same number of electrons in the outer shells

20
Q

what are polar bonds?

A

when one electron attracts another more strongly

21
Q

what is the most electronegative element?

A

flourine

22
Q

which elements share equally?

A

elements with close electronegtaiy

23
Q

what are isomers?

A

compounds with the same formula but different structures

24
Q

how does structure relate to boiling point?

A

straighter the higher the boiling point, and longer the chain

25
Q

what is the specific heat capacity?

A

amount of heat needed to change 1 gram by 1 degree celcius

26
Q

what is molar heat capacity?

A

the amount of heat needed to raise that temp by 1 degree celcius of one mole

27
Q

what is sublimation?

A

sublimation

28
Q

what is a gas to a solid?

A

deposition

29
Q

what is the ideal gas equation?

A

pV=nRT

30
Q

what does charles law deal with?

A

absolute temperature

31
Q

what is a solvent?

A

what is a solute is dissolved in

32
Q

how can concentration be expressed?

A

molality or molarity

33
Q

what re the cools for litmus paper?

A

acid - red
neutral- grey
basic- blue

34
Q

what makes a strong electrolyte?

A

a strong acid

35
Q

what is a polyprotic acid?

A

one that doesn’t easily break

36
Q

how can you tell is an element is being oxidized?

A

the number increase OILRIG

37
Q

describe an endothermic reaction?

A

reactions + heat= products

38
Q

what is ∆ H

A

enthalpy

39
Q

what happen when ∆ H is negative?

A

reaction is exothermic

40
Q

what happens when ∆ is positive?

A

reaction is endothermic

41
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The first law, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states that energy can not be created or destroyed; it can only be redistributed or changed from one form to another.
The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system not in thermal equilibrium almost always increases.
The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero.

42
Q

what si the gibbs free energy equation?

A

∆G=∆H-T∆S

43
Q

what happens if ∆G is negative?

A

proceeds spontaneously

44
Q

what happens if ∆G is positive?

A

does not proceed

45
Q

what happens if ∆G is neutral?

A

at equilibrium

46
Q

what does ∆H, ∆G, and ∆S measure

A

∆H- heat
∆G- reactivity
∆S- disorder

Praxis Physical science (3 decks)

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