The Quest For Political Stability 1625-88 Flashcards
How many Parliament did Charles call between 1625-29
Between 1625-29 Charles called 3 parliments
Why did Charles call 3 parliments
Charles called 3 parliaments in order to secure financial gain for foreign policy
What does calling three parliments in such a short time period indicate
Calling 3 parliments in a short space of time indicates a deteriorating relationship between Charles and Parliament
Why did trust break down between Charles and Parliament
Trust broke down over the inter related issues of religion, finance, foreign policy and problems of government
How did Charles alienate the political class
Charles open support for Arminianism alienated the political class
Who was part of the political class
Those who had economic, social and political influence
Why didn’t people like Arminianism
Many viewed Arminianism as being dangerously close to Catholicism
How did Charles show his support for Arminianism
Promoting Richard Montagu to Royal Chaplain (1625)
Allowing Duke of Buckingham to state his favour for Arminianism at the York House conference (1626)
Making William Laud the Bishop of London (1628)
Why was Charles foreign policy a disaster
1625 raid on Cadiz was a disaster
Defeated at La Rochelle while helping Protestant French Huguenots 1627
Who did Parliament blame foreign policy failure on
Duke of Buckingham
What did Parliament want to do to Buckingham after foreign policy failure
Parliament wanted to impeach Buckingham but Charles refused
When was Buckingham assassinated
Buckingham was assassinated in 1628
What finance did Parliament agree to in 1625
In 1625 Parliament agreed to two subsidies amounting to £140,000
Why was Charles disappointed with the £140,000 given to him by Parliament
Because it fell short of his desired £1 million
How much is one subsidy worth
£70,000
Why did Charles dissolve Parliament in 1626
Parliament refused to grant him more funds
How did Charles raise finance
Charles levied a forced loan worth five subsidies
What did the forced loan cause among the people of England
It causes a significant amount of resentment
What happened to the five knights who refused to pay the forced loan
Five knights refused to pay were imprisoned and refused bail
What was the five knights case a sign of
Clear indication of Charles absolute intentions
What did Charles policies in finance, foreign policy and religion cause many MPs to state
Led many MPs to assert that the king acted illegally
When did Charles call his third Parliament
Charles called his third Parliament in 1628
What did Charles demand after calling the third Parliament
Demanded immediate granting of taxes to continue wars
What did the MPs of the third Parliament decide to do after Charles demands
Decided that no money would be granted unless Charles agreed to the petition of right
What did the petition of right state
No taxation without Parliament consent
No imprisonment without cause shown
No billeting of soldiers or sailors upon households against their will
No martial law to punish soldiers of ordinary crimes
When did the King accept the petition of right
7 June 1628
Why was the King’s first signing of the petition of right illegitimate
Because his written reply did not use tradition use of words
What did the king signing the petition of right untraditional make it
It denied it lawful status
What did Charles reaction to the petition of right force MPs to do
Forced MPs to make a more direct statement with the Three Resolutions
When did the MPs give Charles the Three Resolutions
2 March 1629
What did the Three Resolutions state
Denounced Arminianism
Encouraged merchants to refuse to pay tonnage and poundage
When did Charles dissolve the third Parliament
10 March 1629
What did the dissolution of the third Parliament start
Started a period of personal rule
How long did personal rule last
Personal rule lasted 11 years
What was Personal Rule
Personal Rule was a period of 11 years when Charles I governed without Parliament
Why did Personal Rule come to an end
It came to an end after events in Scotland forced Charles to recall Parliament
How did Charles cut major costs at the start of Personal rule
Peace with France in 1629 and Spain in 1630 enabled him to reduce his major costs
What did the king exploit to raise Finance during personal rule
The king exploited traditional feudal dues
What were feudal dues
Payments which the crown controlled and which did not need parliamentary approval
What was Charles main source of income during Personal rule
Charles I main source of money during Personal rule was Ship Money
Where was Ship Money traditional levied
Ship money was traditionally levied on costal counties for defence purposes
When did Ship Money become a national tax
Ship Money became a national tax between 1635-1640
How successful was Ship Money
Ship Money was very successful giving Charles £200,000 annually
What did success of Ship money make it seem less likely Charles would have to do
The success of Ship Money made it seem less likely Charles I was going to have to recall Parliament
What did Charles methods of assessing and collecting tax cause
Methods of assessing and collecting tax caused much opposition and resentment
When was the Hampden’s Case
Hampden’s Case was in October 1637
Who was John Hampden
John Hampden was a member of the Buckinghamshire gentry
What did John Hampden do
John Hampden challenged the legality of Ship Money and refused to pay the tax
What did John Hampden’s case become a case on
John Hampden’s case became a case on the legality of Ship Money
How many judges upheld verdict of the Hampden’s case
7 out of the 12 judges upheld the verdict of the Hampden’s case
What was the public opinion to the outcome of the Hampden’s case
Public opinion was alarmed by the verdict
What did the Hampden’s case verdict confirm
The Hampdens case verdict confirmed that the king could raise taxation without Parliamentary approval
How did Charles impose Arminianism through the 1630s
Charles continued to impose Arminianism through William Laud
When was William Laud appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
William Laud was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633
What did the Key measures of Laudianism focus on
Key measures of Laudianism focused on the wearing of vestments and the use of music, candles and altar cloths
How was Laudianism measures enforced
To ensure conformity, these measures were enforced through the use of visitations and supervision through church courts`
What was opposition to Laudianism initially like
Initially there was little opposition to Laudianism
What was the main group opposed to Laudianism
Those who opposed its imposition were in a minority, predominantly the Radical Puritans whose strength of belief made them more inclined to protest
What does the limited example of open opposition to Laudianism indicate
The limited example of open opposition to Laudianism indicate that there was a general passive acceptance to Laudianism
What did Charles try to impose on Scotland in 1637
In 1637 Charles tried to impose the Laudian Prayer Book on Presbyterian Scotland, without consulting the Scottish Parliament
What was the Scottish reaction to the Laudian Prayer book
Widespread rioting broke out and in 1638 many nobles and clergy signed the National Covenant
What did the National Convent swore
National Convent swore to resist all changes to the Scottish Kirk
What were the Scots like in the Bishops’ war
The Scots were well organised and motivated
What was Charles like in the Bishops’ war
Charles had insufficient funds to pay for his military campaigns
When did personal rule end
Charles called a parliament in 1640 to end personal rule
What was the Parliament called after Personal rule named
The short parliament
How long did the short parliament last
The short parliament lasted 3 weaks
Why did Charles dissolve the short parliament
Charles dissolved the short parliament because they demanded the removal of Laudianism and end the practice of feudal dues
What did the Scots do in August 1640
In August 1640 the Scots invaded northern England and occupied Newcastle
What did the occupation of Newcastle force Charles to do
The occupation of Newcastle forced Charles to negotiate with the Scots
What did Charles agree to do until a settlement was reached with Scotland
Charles agreed to pay the Scots £850 a day until an agreement was reached
Scots could keep Newcastle till a agreement was reached
When did writs go out to summon parliament
In September 1640 writs went out to summon parliament
When did the Long Parliament meet for the first time
The Long Parliament met for the first time in November 1640
What were most MPs united against in 1640
In 1640 most MPs were united against what they regarded as the abuses of Charles’ Personal Rule
What did MPs agree to abolish after Personal Rule
MPs agreed to abolish Ship Money
What Act did MPs pass after Personal Rule
MPs passed the Triennial Act after the end of Personal Rule
What did the Triennial Act do
The Triennial Act meant the monarch would have to call a Parliament at least every three years
