Historical Interpretations: How Revolutionary, In The Years To 1701, Was The Glorious Revolution Of 1688-89 Flashcards
Why did King James II flee the country
Overwhelming opposition to his rule
When did King James II flee the country
December 1688
Where did King James II take refuge
King James II took refuge with King Louie XIV of France
How many politicians invited William of Orange to the British crown
60 lords and 300 MPs asked William of Orange to take the British crown
When did the Convention Parliament meet to decide how to deal with James’ flight
On 22 January 1689 the Convention Parliament met to decide how to deal with James’ II flight
What had Whig political theorists developed
Whig political theorists had developed revolutionary ideas on the nature of kingship
What did Whigs claim existed between a king and his subjects
Whigs claimed that a contract existed between the king and his people which both sides had to uphold
What did Whigs claim James had done to the contract
Whigs asserted that James had broken the contract and had exceeded his powers by attempting to establish Catholicism in England
What did the Whigs believe that James actions ment
Whigs believed that James actions meant that he had lost the right to be king, and therefore the throne was vacant
What did Tories believe in
Tories believed in the hereditary succession, and in the divine right of kings to rule over their subjects
What had Tories sworn to James
Tories had sworn an oath of allegiance to James
What did Tories need in some order to replace James with William of Orange
Tories needed some justification for the replacement of James II by William of Orange
What did the Convention Parliament formulate
The Convention Parliament formulated a resolution on the monarchy whose wording satisfied both Whigs and Tories
What did the Convention Parliament resolution state
James had broken the contract between king and people (Whig)
He had violated the countries fundamental laws (Whig)
His flight meant that he had abdicated the Throne (Tory)
What would the Tories in the Lords objecting the Convention Parliament resolution lead to
Tories in the Lords, however, objected to this statement and this led to anti-tory crowds demonstrating outside Parliament
When did William, in a secret meeting, warn his peers he would go back to Holland unless he was made king
On 3 February 1689 William, in a secret meeting, with peers warned them that he would go back to Holland unless he was made king
What agreement did William and the political elite agree on
William and the political elite agreed that:
- His wife, would share the title of monarch with William, although without power
- If Mary died and William married again, any children from the second marriage would follow Anne in the line of succession
When was the agreement between William and the political elite accepted by the lords
On 6th February this was formally accepted by the lords
When was the agreement between William and the political elite confirmed by the commons
On 8th February the commons confirmed the agreement between William and the political elite
How was the throne offered to William and Mary
The throne was offered to William and Mary unconditionally
When was the Declaration of Rights
The Declaration of Rights 1689
What did the declaration of right do
The Declaration of right listed all the errors which James had committed, and asserted several traditional liberals of the people
What traditional liberties of the people did the declaration of right pass
- Laws could not be suspended without parliaments consent
- Parliament had to approve all forms of taxation
- Parliaments should meet frequently
What was the Declaration
The Declaration was a compromise document
What was the Declaration of Rights left deliberately ambiguous in terms of
The Declaration of Rights was left deliberately ambiguous in terms of the constitutional implications of James’ removal
When was a diluted version of the Declaration of Right passed into law
A diluted version of the Declaration of Rights passed into the law later in 1689
When was there a formal decoration at which the Declaration of Rights was read
On 13 February 1689, at a formal ceremony at which the Declaration of the Right was read
When was the crown offered to William and Mary
On 13 February William and Mary were offered the crown
When was Williams and Marys coronation
On 11th April William and Mary had their coronation
What did William and Mary have different about their coronation
At William and Marys coronation there was a different coronation oath
What did William and Mary having a different oath indicate
The different oath indicated their different position with Parliament
What was the oath before William and Marys coronation
Confirm to the people of England the laws and customs to them granted by the Kings of England
What was the oath for William and Marys coronation
To govern the people of this kingdom of England, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the status in Parliament agreed on, and the laws and customs of the same.
What did Whig historians believe the glorious revolution bought about
For Whig historians, the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89 brought about fundamental change.
What did the Glorious Revolution lead to the establishment of
The Revolution lead to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy
What is a constitutional monarchy
One where parliament had much more control over the policies of the monarchy
What did Critics of the Whig interpretation see the Glorious Revolution as
Rather than a revolution critics of Whig historians viewed it as more of a reformation
What did critics of Whigs believe the key aim of the political elite was once James was removed
Once James was removed, the key aim for the political elite was to bring stability
How did the political elite bring stability
They bought stability by changing the monarchy
What do others see the Glorious revolution as
Others see the Glorious Revolution as confirming the power of the political elite through parliament
What did the Glorious Revolution and the constitutional changes make clear
The Glorious Revolution and the constitutional changes that followed made clear the influence of the political elite in parliament
What caused an increase in power for parliament and a decrease in power for the monarchy
Williams need to finance his wars against Louis XIV, and the consequential financial revolution after 1688
What religion was William III
William III was a Calvinist
When did William III ask the Commons to abandon religious tests
On 16th March 1689 the king asked the Commons to abandon the religious tests
What did the religious tests do
The religious tests kept dissenters out of public office
Why did Parliament pass the Toleration Act
Keen to maintain the political supremacy of the Church of England, Parliament passed the Toleration Act
What was the main religion in Parliament in 1689
Anglican was the main religion in Parliament in 1689
When did Parliament pass the Toleration Act
May 1689
What did the Toleration Act mean most dissenters could do
Most dissenters:
- Were exempted from penal laws if they took an oath of allegiance and declared against transubstantiation
- Could worship freely in licenced meeting houses which had to keep their doors open
- Could set up their own schools and educate their children
What groups were exempt from the Toleration Act
Religious toleration was not extended to Catholics, Jews or Unitarians
What was the central division within Anglicanism
The central division within Anglicanism was whether the Church should be broadened to encompass some dissenters or maintained as it was
Who did William appoint as bishops
William appointed Latitudinarians as bishops
When did John Tillotson become archbishop of canterbury
John Tillotson became archbishop of Canterbury in 1691
What did Tories feel churchmen weren’t doing enough to stop
Tories felt churchmen weren’t doing enough to prevent what they feared of rapid growth of dissent
What dissenters were Tories worried about after the Toleration Act
Tories were particularly worried by further growth of Quakerism after the Toleration Act of 1689
What did the period of 1689-1701 see a broadening of
The period saw a broadening of the acceptance of a range of Protestants within the church of England
How did acceptance of dissenters come around
Acceptance came, slowly, not from legislation but more from the other ways of thinking
What marked a shift away from the dominance of religious ideas
Increased focus on science and reason marked a shift away from the dominance of religious ideas
After 1689 what replaced religious uniformity
After 1689 religious diversity replaced religious uniformity
By 1701 what had happened to the number of Protestant demonminations
By 1701 the number and size of Protestant denominations had grown considerably
Where did Catholicism remain strong in England
Catholicism remained strong in the North
What grew rapidly in East Anglia
Dissenting congregations grew rapidly in East Anglia
When had Anglican supremacy come to an end in England
By 1701 Anglican supremacy had come to an end
What did the position of Catholics remain a source of from 1689 onwards
The position of Catholics remained a source of tension from 1689 onwards
What were Catholics often subject to
Catholics were often subject to religious prejudice
What remained a theme in English politics through to 1701 and the Act of settlement
Anti-Catholicism and the equation of Catholicism with the threat of Louis XIV remained a theme in English politics through to 1701 and the Act of Settlement
What did the Bill of rights exclude Catholics from
The Bill of Rights excluded Catholics from the throne
How did the Bill of Rights exclude Catholics from the Throne
By excluding James II and his children from the line of succession
What did the Bill of Rights not say anything about
The Bill of Rights didn’t say anything about succession after Anne
Who was Anne after in the line of succssion
Anne was after William and Mary
When did Mary die
Mary died in 1694
What did Mary die without
Mary died without any children
Why was it increasingly likely that one of James II children could take the throne
With Mary dead without any children and Anne’s only child dying and the increasing age of William and Anne, the prospect was raised of another claim to the throne by the children of James II
What was the result of the Act of settlement
- 57 potential Catholic heirs were excluded from the throne
- The monarch had to be an active member of the C of E
- The granddaughter of James I was made next in line for the throne
Who was the granddaughter of James I
Sophia of Hanover
Who was the Act of Settlement a triumph for
The Act of Settlement was a triumph for the Whigs
