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america 1f > The quest for civil rights, 1917-80 > Flashcards

The quest for civil rights, 1917-80 Flashcards

1
Q

How many anti-black race riots took place in 1919?

A

25

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2
Q

What was the worst of these anti-black riots in 1919?

A

‘Red Summer’ riots in Chicago

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3
Q

What were Jim Crow laws also called by?

A

‘the final settlement’

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4
Q

How much had the number of black Americans registered to vote become in 1904? What had it been in 1896?

A

130,334 in 1896 to 1,342

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4
Q

Between 1915-30, how many lynchings took place?

A

65 white men and 579 black men

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5
Q

Who was lynched in 1955?

A

Emmet Till

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6
Q

By 1925, what was the approx membership of the KKK?

A

3-8 million

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7
Q

What were Wilson’s views on segregation?

A

He had no issue with it

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8
Q

What was the migration to the north called? (1917-32)

A

The Great Migration

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9
Q

What was one of the causes of the Great Migration?

A

Need for workers as the US entered WWI

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10
Q

What was Executive Order 8802 passed by Roosevelt in the 1930’s?

A

Banned racial discrimination in the defence industry

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11
Q

What was one negative impact of the New Deal for black Americans?

A

They were fired in their thousands during agricultural reforms

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12
Q

What was one positive of the ND for black Americans?

A

1/3 of low-income housing built had black tenants due to most of the poor people being black

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13
Q

How many black NAACP members were in Birmingham, Alabama? How many communist ones were there?

A

6 NAACP - . 3,000 communist

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13
Q

What was one failure of the NAACP in the 1931?

A

They failed to take on a case of 9 black men accused of rape which was later found to be a conspiracy by communist lawyers

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14
Q

What did the Father Divine of the Peace Mission church do in Harlem? 1930’s

A

Sold goods to black people cheaper than white-run stores

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15
Q

What did the Resettlement Administration do in 1937?

A

Resettled low income families and lent money where needed

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15
Q

What women’s orgs were set up in protest to the New Deal?

A

The Housewives Leagues - mounted boycotts on stores until they hired black workers

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16
Q

What did 2 million black people sign in 1939?

A

A petition for federal aid for their relocation to Africa

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17
Q

What percentage of defence workers were black in 1942? What did this go up to by 1944

A

3% to 8%

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18
Q

What did Truman do in 1948 with the executive order?

A

Executive Order to desegregate the military and all work done by businesses for the govt

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18
Q

What were many civil leaders often?

A

Churchmen

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19
Q

NAACP membership went from 9,000 in 1917 to what in 1946?

A

600,000

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19
Q

Who was the separatist that advocated for a return to Africa?

A

Marcus Garvey

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20
Q

Who was the first black American to be appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967?

A

Thurgood Marshall

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21
Q

What did CORE stand for?

A

Congress of Racial Equality

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22
Q

What percentage of bus users were black in Montgomery?

A

75%

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23
Q

What org did MLK jr set up in 1957?

A

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

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24
Q

Who was the student in Little Rock, Arkansas that bravely walked to school in 1957?

A

Elizabeth Eckford

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25
Q

Who was the racist governor of Arkansas in 1957?

A

Orval Faubus

25
Q

What were some of the cars that followed a bus in Aniston, Alabama on a freedom ride in 1961?

A

Police cars

26
Q

What was Birmingham nicknamed as?

A

Bombingham

27
Q

Who was the racist chief of police in Birmingham, Alabama?

A

‘Bull’ Connor

28
Q

4% viewed race as a pressing issue in 1962 prior to the Birmingham Alabama riots. How many viewed it as an issue in 1963?

A

42%

29
Q

How many people tried to register to vote during the Freedom Summer of 1964? How many were accepted?

A

17,000 and 1,600 accepted

30
Q

Why was the impact of the late 1960’s riots on the civil rights movement different from those of the early 1960’s?

A

Early 1960’s saw more sympathy for the protestors - latter years the media presented the black rioters as violent

31
Q

What did King announce his aims were going to be in the ‘Northern Crusade’?

A

Set up tenant unions, improving working conditions + teaching youth about non-violent protests

32
Q

What took place on the 4th of April 1968 during a strike of Memphis sanitation workers?

A

MLK jr was assassinated

33
Q

On a socioeconomic development score, black Americans went from a score of 16 in 1940 to what by 1960?

A

21

34
Q

By 1980, what percentage of Black Americans were registered to vote?

A

60%

35
Q

What % of black high school drop outs between 25-34 had criminal records? 1980

A

75%

36
Q

How long did the Montgomery bus boycott last for?

A

381 days

37
Q

Why was it more feasible for Nixon to make changes for Native Americans compared to other groups?

A

They were a small minority - 830,000 compared 22,600,000 black Americans

38
Q

What were some policies to aid Native Americans?

A

1972 Education Act - funds tribal skls

1974 Indian Financing Act - Lent tribes funds

1975 Indian Self-Determination Act - maintains BIA but contracts services such as healthcare

1978 Indian Child Welfare Act - Federal standards for the removal of Native children from their families

39
Q

What did the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act give Native Alaskans in 1971?

A

Transferred 40 million acres of land and 462,500,000

40
Q

Who was a Hispanic activist for working conditions?

A

Cesar Chavez

40
Q

What was the programme that guaranteed Mexicans the same wages as other workers?

A

Bracero programme - not always effective

41
Q

Who was a non-violent campaigner that focused on working rights?

A

Cesar Chavez

42
Q

Who was the young, militant Hispanic organisation that went against police brutality and campaigned for school walk-outs?

A

Brown Berets

43
Q

What were some gains for Hispanics?

A

Voting Rights were extended to provide language assistance at polling stations
1974 Equal Opportunities provided bilingual education

44
Q

Why were the gains for Hispanics limited?

A

The level of change varied from place to place as did the levels of enforcement

45
Q

What event sparked the gay rights movement in 1969?

A

Raid at Stonewall Inn

46
Q

How many people fought back during the Stonewall raid?

A

around 400

47
Q

How many gay pride marchers participated in NYC alone in 1970?

A

around 10,000

48
Q

Where was a lot of hostility towards gay people often found in the US? Why was this?

A

Bible Belt (much of the South)
Religious fundamentalism fuelled hostility

48
Q

Who was the first openly gay candidate elected to public office in 1974?

A

Kathy Kozachenko

49
Q

Between 1979-81, how many openly gay state judges were appointed in California?

A

4

50
Q

What was the openly anti-gay initiative in Florida in the 1970’s?

A

Save Our Children

51
Q

Who was the future president that supported the religious anti-gay sentiment?

A

Reagan

52
Q

In 1933, there were 50,000 black Americans in the Civil Service. By 1946, there were how many?

A

200,000

53
Q

What bill did FDR fail to push through in the New Deal? Why was this?

A

Anti-lynching bills - this was because he formed a coalition govt with more conservative Democrats

54
Q

What was FDR also inconsistent in his support for ending?

A

Poll taxes

55
Q

Who was one example of a Black person being appointed to government under the New Deal? What did they do?

A

Mary Mcleod Bethune - set up the Federal Administration on Negro Affairs which was nicknamed the Black Cabinet

55
Q

In 1940, there were 10,000 black members of the US armed forces. By the end of WWII, how many were there?

A

1.2 mil in the forces and 2.5 registered for the draft

56
Q

What is one example of black women being discriminated against in the military during WWII?

A

Black women were promised training as medical technicians but were relegated to hospital orderlies in Fort Devens, Boston

57
Q

What was the Exec Order 8802 under FDR?

A

banned discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government

58
Q

What did some schools do instead of obeying the Brown v Board of Education ruling?

A

Closed the school down completely

58
Q

What was the Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 about?

A

The desegregation of public education

59
Q

What was one example of schools closing down to prevent desegregation?

A

The Prince Edward County school system shut down completely in 1959

60
Q

What did the American Indian Movement do in 1969? How long did it last?

A

Occupied Alcatraz Island - 19 months

61
Q

What did Cesar Chaves set up in 1962?

A

Establishes United Farm Workers

61
Q

What was one success of the United Farm Workers?

A

won the recognition of grape growers

62
Q
A
62
Q

What was one initiative of the Brown Berets?

A

10,000 school students walk out of their classes in East L.A in 1968

america 1f (6 decks)

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