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America 1F > The Changing Political Environment, 1917-80 > Flashcards

The Changing Political Environment, 1917-80 Flashcards

1
Q

What did unemployment rise to between 1919-1921?

A

950,000 to 5,010,000

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2
Q

What did Harding see as a return to ‘normalcy’?

A

Return to a steady, stable way of life, a focus on the USA again

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3
Q

What did isolationism entail?

A

Not joining the LoN
Cutting back on the number of immigrants
Restricting the help the USA could give to other countries through Neutrality Acts (35-39)

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4
Q

What was the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act of 1922? What did it do?

A

Tariffs on imports, encouraging people to buy American

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5
Q

What was Harding’s main policy?

A

Laissez-Faire

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6
Q

What was hire purchase? What did it lead people to believe in the 1920’s?

A

Buying goods on credit - led to people believing that Republican policies were working as the economy boomed

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7
Q

What did Wilson come close to doing?

A

Breaking the separation of powers

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8
Q

What was Harding’s weakness as president?

A

He gave jobs to friends who were corrupt

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9
Q

What did Coolidge combine Laissez-Faire with?

A

Dignity and morality

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10
Q

What was the First Red Scare in 1919 caused by?

A

Russian revolution

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11
Q

Who distributed pamphlets in many cities, urging revolution?

A

Anarchists

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11
Q

What parties were formed in response to a rise in communism?

A

Communist Party of America & Communist Labor Party of America

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12
Q

Of the thousands arrested on suspicion of Communist beliefs, how many were deported?

A

556

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13
Q

How many strikes took place in 1919?

A

3,600

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14
Q

What were the core policies of ‘Rugged Individualism’?

A

People were weakened by govt support
The USA should isolate itself
Immigration should be restricted

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14
Q

How many workers went on strike in 1919?

A

4 million, or 1 in 4

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15
Q

Who did the KKK target during the Red Scare?

A

‘Un-American’ people

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16
Q

When was the Wall St Crash?

A

1929

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17
Q

What agency did Hoover set up in 1930? What did it do?

A

President’s Emergency Committee for employment. Found employment for the poor and persuade businesses to create jobs

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18
Q

The govt received 2 billion in 1923. How much did Hoover spend?

A

over 5 billion

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19
Q

What were huge shanty towns named in the 1920’s?

A

Hoovervilles

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20
Q

How much were army veterans paid for their service in 1924? Bonus payment

A

Just $50, the rest of it was to be given in 1945

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21
Q

How many veterans marched on Washington in 1932?

A

150,000 to 200,000

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22
Q

What was the make-up of the House of Reps and Senate in 1931 under Hoover?

A

House of Reps was majority Democrat and Senate was increasingly Democrats

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23
Q

How was the Bonus Army protest stopped?

A

Troops marched in with tear gas, bayonets, tanks and machine guns

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24
Q

What was Hoover’s Republican campaign led by, according to Roosevelt?

A

Destruction, Despair, Delay and Doubt

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25
Q

What were the ‘alphabet agencies’ set up by Roosevelt?

A

National Recovery Agency
Agricultural Adjustment Agency
Civilian Conservation Corps
Works Progress Administration

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25
Q

How many people voted in the 1932 elections?

A

40 million, the largest number ever recorded in American history

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26
Q

What did the alphabet agencies do?

A

NRA - set up and enforced codes of practice for businesses
AAA - regulated major crops and bought up surplus crops and subsidised farmers to grow less
CCC - found work for unemployed, unmarried 18-25 year old men
WPA - find employment for men on public works projects - usually men with no formal education

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27
Q

Why was Roosevelt popular to the voters?

A

He was confident, charming and persuasive

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28
Q

What was a weaknesses of Roosevelt?

A

He did not understand economic policy very well.

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29
Q

How did Roosevelt manage the presidency media wise?

A

He instituted ‘fireside chats’ and understood the power of the media and the need for their support. He held ‘off the record’ chats with selected reporters - they understood Roosevelt in-depth, helped keep them on his side

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30
Q

How many terms was Roosevelt elected for?

A

4

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31
Q

Who disliked Roosevelt?

A

Wealthy businessmen
Some Dems
Opponents compared him to dictators

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32
Q

What was ruled unconstitutional in 1937?

A

NRA and AAA

33
Q

Where did Roosevelt ‘overstep’ in his presidential powers?

A

He proposed adding a new judge for every judge over 70 (6 out of 9) to pack the court with his supporters

34
Q

What was the scheme introduced in 1940 to allow Britain to ‘borrow’ supplies?

A

Lend-lease scheme

35
Q

How much worth of supplies did the lend-lease scheme give to Britain?

A

51 billion

36
Q

What was another scheme designed to help Britain prior to joining WWII?

A

Destroyers-for-bases schemes

37
Q

Within the first year of joining WW2 in 1941, how much did the USA produce in war goods?

A

47 billion

38
Q

How many people went to fight in WWII?

A

Over 16 million

39
Q

How many Americans died in WWII?

A

over 400,000

40
Q

How many Americans were wounded or captured in WWII?

A

nearly 600,000

41
Q

When was the Second Red Scare?

A

1947-54

42
Q

Who was the government employee who told HUAC she had been part of a Moscow spy-ring in 1948?

A

Elizabeth Bentley

43
Q

Who was the leader of the Chinese opposition to Communism who Truman was accused of not supporting adequately?

A

Chiang Kai-Shek

44
Q

Under which president did a wave of Liberalism begin?

A

Kennedy

45
Q

What idea did liberal politicians produce?

A

Positive discrimination

45
Q

What liberal ideas were increasingly supported in the 1960’s?

A

civil rights, equal opportunities and legalising abortion

46
Q

What was the 1956 Interstate Act designed for in light of the USSR having nuclear weapons?

A

Rapid evacuation

47
Q

What happened on the 4th of May 1970?

A

The Ohio National Guardsmen shot 4 unarmed students and injured 9 during a student protest against the invasion of Cambodia

48
Q

What did small radical groups do on the 24th of August 1970 in protest of the Vietnam War in Madison,Wisconsin?

A

Detonated a bomb outside an army research centre, killing 1 researcher and causing 60 million in damages

49
Q

What was the conservative reaction to counter-culture?

A

New-Right

50
Q

What org was the USA a founding member of in 1945?

A

UN

51
Q

What system was designed by Truman to stop the spread of communism by giving aid to war torn countries?

A

The Marshall Plan

52
Q

In 1958 during the Cold War, how much did a fallout shelter cost?

A

$1,300

53
Q

Between June 1947 and June 1948, how much did the US holdings of atomic bombs increase?

A

13 to 50

54
Q

What was one example of the media lying about the presidency during the Korean War?

A

In 1950, headlines announced that the press wanted to use the draft and was considering using atomic bombs

55
Q

How were soldiers for the Vietnam war chosen?

A

A lottery

56
Q

What special substance was used on empty fields as part of a scorched earth policy?

A

Agent Orange

56
Q

What village was massacred entirely in Vietnam?

A

Mai Lai

57
Q

What reporter had returned from Vietnam in 1968 with a scathing critique of the way the war was run?

A

Walter Cronkite

58
Q

In 1960, 70% of Americans said they trusted the govt. What was the % by 1974?

A

40%

59
Q

What events in particular impacted the public’s confidence in the presidency in the early 1960’s/1970’s?

A

Watergate Scandal
Vietnam War

60
Q

What was the newspaper that began to investigate the Watergate Scandal in 1971

A

The Washington Post

61
Q

What were the two things Reagan was against?

A

Big Govt and high govt borrowing

62
Q

What was an example of a radical student group during the counter-culture era? What did they object to?

A

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
All forms of bigotry incl racism

63
Q

What did the Cold War also do in terms of tech advancement?

A

Began the space race

64
Q

What did the National Security Act create?

A

The CIA who answered directly to the White House

64
Q

How many people died in the Vietnam War?

A

3.8 million, nearly half civilian

65
Q

Who was Harding’s friend that got indicted in 1924?

A

Charles Forbes (Senate inquiry in 1924 indicted him of defrauding the government & convicted for the misuse of $250 million USD

66
Q

How did Coolidge increase potential consumer spending power & create an economic climate that encouraged business investment throughout 1923-29?

A

Gave big business free reign

1926 Revenue Act which
Took personal tax maximums from from 40% to 20%
Halved the estate tax
Abolished the gift tax

67
Q

What did Hoover do to combat the GD?

A

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Federal Farm Board

President’s Emergency Committee for Employment

68
Q

How many fire chats did FDR deliver throughout his presidency?

A

31 addresses throughout the 4,422 day presidency

69
Q

What did the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 do?

A

Effectively separated commercial banking from investment banking and created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

70
Q

What did the 1934 Securities Act do?

A

Created the Security Exchange Commission

71
Q

What did the AAA do to combat the surplus of cotton?

A

burned10.5 million acres of cotton

72
Q

What did the AAA do to combat the surplus of pigs?

A

Bought & slaughtered 6 million piglets

73
Q

What impact did FDR’s policies have on the total farm incomes between 1932-35

A

1932 - 4.5billion
1935 - 6.9 billion

74
Q

When was the Second Red Scare?

A

1947-54

75
Q

Date of the Korean War

A

1950

76
Q

What was the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961?

A

a failed military landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba

77
Q

Who was president between 1963-69?

A

Johnson

78
Q

By 1968, what % of the pop. had a TV?

A

96.6%

79
Q
A
80
Q

When was the Watergate Scandal?

A

1972-74

America 1F (6 decks)

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