The psychobiological process of memory Chapter 5

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information that has been previously encountered

Question 2

sensory memory

Answer 2

-a store of memory which very briefly stores raw information detected by the senses
-exact replica of what is in your environment
-e.g. faces of your classmates directly after looking at them

Question 3

Steps in Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

Answer 3

1. all sensory info enters sensory memory. if this info is attended to, then it is converted into a useable form and transferred into short-term memory
2. info transferred into short term memory. Via rehearsal there is an increased likelihood that the info will be encoded into long term memory
   3.info stored in long-term memory can be retrieved

Question 4

short-term memory

Answer 4

-a store of memory that temporarily stores a limited amount of info that is consciously being attended to
-sensory memory u have paid attention to will move here

Question 5

rehearsal

Answer 5

a controlled process which involves consciously repeating or manipulating info in short term memory

Question 6

encoding

Answer 6

the process of converting info into a useable form which can be manipulated and stored in the brain

Question 7

long-term memory

Answer 7

a store of memory in which a potentially unlimited amount of info is stored for a relatively permanent amount of time
-brain can store an unlimited amount of info
-not in conscious awareness
-sometimes we are unable to retrieve and access info in the LTM

Question 8

Storage

Answer 8

the retention of information over time

Question 9

retrieval

Answer 9

the process of accessing information that has been stored in long term memory, and bringing it into our conscious awareness in short-term memory

Question 10

what is the store capacity and duration of sensory memory

Answer 10

-unlimited
-a brief 0.2-4 seconds

Question 11

subtypes of sensory memory

Answer 11

-iconic memory (visual info)
-echoic memory (auditory info)
-haptic memory (specific to physical touch)

Question 12

how many items can be stored in ur STM

Answer 12

5-9 items

Question 13

duration of STM

Answer 13

18-30 seconds

Question 14

displaced

Answer 14

if info in the STM is not encoded in LTM it can be pushed out by new info

Question 15

decay

Answer 15

info in the STM fading away on it own

Question 16

Strengths of Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

Answer 16

–distinguishes between the diff. stores involved in memory
-outlines capacity and durations
-structure and process of memory
-amnesia

Question 17

limitations of Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory

Answer 17

-oversimplified
-STM is more complex
-ignores factors: motivations/ strategies
-transferring info into LTM can happen without rehearsal
-doesn’t account for individual differences

Question 18

Subdivisions of long term memory

Answer 18

explicit and implicit memory

Question 19

explicit memory subdivision

Answer 19

semantic and episodic memory

Question 20

implicit memory subdivisions

Answer 20

procedural and classical conditioned memory

Question 21

explicit memory

Answer 21

declarative memory
consciously retrieved

Question 22

implicit memory

Answer 22

non declarative
unconsciously retrieved

Question 23

semantic memory

Answer 23

General knowledge and facts
dogs bark, cats meow

Question 24

episodic memory

Answer 24

personal experiences or events
what you had for dinner

Question 25

Procedural memory

Answer 25

Knowing how to carry out tasks that are facilitated by motor skills

Question 26

Classical conditioned memory

Answer 26

involuntary responses such as fear to a stimulus which has repeatedly been associated with an emotional arousing stimulus

Question 27

Hippocampus

Answer 27

-involved in encoding explicit memories
-middle of brain
-damage difficulty forming new explicit memories

Question 28

Amygdala

Answer 28

encoding emotional components of memories

Question 29

Neocortex

Answer 29

-stores explicit memories
-part of cerebral cortex
-episodic and semantic memories converted into usable form in the hippocampus and stored in neocortex

Question 30

Basal ganglia

Answer 30

encodes and stores procedural and classically conditioned memories that are associated with unconscious habits

Question 31

cerebellum

Answer 31

stores and encodes implicit procedural memories
involved in processes of motor control, coordination, balance

Question 32

Possible imagined futures

Answer 32

Hypothetical experiences and situations that an individual has the ability yo create and conceptualise in their mind

Question 33

How is semantic memory involved in generating possible imagined futures?

Answer 33

individuals must be able to envision possible scenarios that are consistent and fit in with what they already know about the world.

Question 34

How is episodic memory involved in generating possible imagined futures?

Answer 34

individuals to construct a possible imagined future that is subjective and includes more richly detailed elements, such as the people involved or emotional reactions

Question 35

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 35

A neurodegenerative disease that involves the progressive loss of neurons in the brain and is characterised by memory decline

Question 36

Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 36

-Decrease in cognitive functions
-Personality change
-Changes in mood and emotions
-confusion
-difficulty with communication

Question 37

How does Alzheimer’s disease affect episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 37

-Damage done to hippocampus results in individuals incapable of recalling semantic and episodic memories
-they also can’t imagine future scenarios
-brain shrinks due to loss of brain matter

Question 38

Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s

Answer 38

Post mortem examinations. assessments of a dead body that occurs to determine the cause of death

Question 39

lesions

Answer 39

area of tissue that has been damaged due to disease or injury (examined via neuroimaging)

Question 40

Biological/ primary lesions

Answer 40

amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles

Question 41

amyloid plaques

Answer 41

fragments of the protein beta-amyloid that accumulate into insoluble plaques that inhibit communication between neurons

Question 42

neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 42

abnormal accumulations of a protein called tau that collects inside neurons

Question 43

aphantasia

Answer 43

a phenomenon in which individuals lack the capacity to generate mental imagery

Question 44

mental imagery

Answer 44

the visual representation and experiences of sensory information without the presence of sensory stimuli

Question 45

whats the cause of aphantasia?

Answer 45

no known cause

Question 46

mnemonics

Answer 46

devices or techniques used to aid the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

Question 47

Written traditions

Answer 47

practices in which knowledge, stories and customs are preserved and shared primarily through writing and reading

Question 48

Acronyms

Answer 48

-First letter of items form pronounceable word to aid memory.
-1st letter of word acts as a retrieval cue to help bring the targeted info into short term memory for use
-aid storing and encoding to link info to words/sounds

Question 49

Acrostics

Answer 49

a mnemonic device in which the 1st letter of items create a phrase or rhyme to aid memory

Question 50

Method of loci

Answer 50

a mnemonic
device that converts
items into mental images
and associates them
with specific locations to
aid memory

Question 51

Method of loci steps

Answer 51

1. visualise and imagine a familiar route or place (e.g. their house or walk to school).
2. select several memorable places (landmarks) on the route or in their chosen place
   (e.g. their bedroom or a bus stop).
3. create visual imagery for each item that needs to be remembered (e.g. a milk carton).
   Creating bizarre or funny mental imagery can help strengthen the likelihood of the item
   being remembered
4. link each item to one of the identified memorable landmarks.
5. imagine they are walking through the house or along the familiar route and retrieve each
   item by observing the items at each landmark.

Question 52

Oral traditions

Answer 52

practices
in which knowledge,
stories, and customs are
preserved and shared
through spoken word and
movement

Question 53

sung narratives

Answer 53

stories
that share important
cultural, ecological, and
survival information
through the use of singing,
harmony, and rhythm

Question 54

song lines

Answer 54

multimodal
performances conducted
as a family or community
travels through Country
and spaces in the
landscape that record
journeys, link important
sites, and describe ways
to live, care for, and
nurture Country

Question 55

how does song lines aid memory

Answer 55

Songlines use rhythm and narrative to communicate necessary cultural information linked to different stories placed in the landscape, which can enhance the encoding of this information. When Songlines are sung and individuals walk through the landscape, individuals are able to retrieve the information that is linked to the different stories and places.