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Psychology Unit 3 & 4 > The demand for sleep Chapter 6 > Flashcards

The demand for sleep Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

consciousness

A

the level of awareness an individual has of their thoughts, feelings and perceptions

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2
Q

psychological construct

A

an agreed upon description and understanding of psychological phenomena that cannot be overtly measured or obsereved

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3
Q

subtypes of conciousness

A

-Normal waking consciousness (NWC)
-Altered state of consciousness (ASC)

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4
Q

normal waking conciousness

A

a state of consciousness that involves having awareness of your thoughts, feelings and behaviours, including internal and external events

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5
Q

altered state of consciousness

A

any state that is characterised differently from normal waking consciousness in terms of awareness, feelings and behaviours

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6
Q

naturally occurring altered state of consciousness

A

a type of consciousness that occurs with interventions
-sleep, daydreaming

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7
Q

induced altered state of conciousness

A

a type of altered state of consciousness that occurs due to purposeful action or aid
-meditation, hypnosis, medication

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8
Q

sleep

A

a naturally occurring altered state of consciousness that is necessary for restoration and rejuvenation

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9
Q

sleep episode

A

the full duration of sleep

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10
Q

sleep cycle

A

approximately 90 minute period during a sleep episode in which an individual progresses through stages of REM and NREM sleep before repeating

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11
Q

NREM sleep

A

-non-rapid eye movement
-3 stages
-less active brain more active body
-physical movement is possible
-not vivid dreams
-75-80% of a sleep episode
-tend to decrease as night progresses

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12
Q

REM sleep

A

-Rapid eye movement
-highly active brain
-virtual paralysis
-light stage of sleep
-vivid dreaming
-20-25% of a sleep episode
-increases ad sleep episode progresses
-at start of sleep can last only few minutes but later on in sleep it can last an hour

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13
Q

Characteristics of sleep

A

-reduced ability to control behaviour, thoughts
-less accurate understanding of the passage of time
-perceptual and cognitive distortion

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14
Q

NREM Stage 1

A

-transition from being awake
-hypnogogic state
-lose awareness of their surroundings but still aware of faint noises in environment
-breathing irregular, blood pressure drops, temperature drops

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15
Q

NREM Stage 2

A

-still relatively light sleep but sleeper is considered “truly asleep”
-sleep spindles
-k complexes

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16
Q

NREM Stage 3

A

-deep stage of sleep
-difficult to wake up
-likely to experience sleep inercia if woken up
-sleep walking/ talking can occur

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17
Q

sleep inertia

A

woke up from deep sleep and feel groggy

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18
Q

paradisiacal sleep

A

the muscles are as if you are paralysed

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19
Q

physiological indicators to measure sleep

A

objective data
-heart rate
-body temp.
-eye movement
-muscle movement
-brain waves

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20
Q

psychological indicators

A

subjective data
-emotional awareness
-content limitation
-self control
-time orientation
-perceptual and cognitive distortions

21
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain

22
Q

when a person is alert their brain frequency waves show:

A

high frequency and low amplitude is characterised by

23
Q

when a person has low levels of alertness their brain frequency waves will show:

A

low frequency high amplitude

24
Q

in REM and NREM 1 sleep EEG will show

A

high frequency low amplitude

25
Q

In NREM stage 2 EEG will show

A

medium frequency medium amplitude

26
Q

strength of EEG

A

useful for sleep studies or diagnosis of patients with brain damage or a neurological or mental disorder

27
Q

limitations of EEG

A

*measures neural activity under a thick and hard skull and thus is not entirely precise
*does not pinpoint or identify functional or dysfunctional areas of the brain as well as neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI do

28
Q

Electromyograph (EMG)

A

detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the of the body’s muscles

29
Q

what will EMG readings show in REM sleep

A

low activity due to their being low physiological activity during this sleep

30
Q

what will EMG readings show in NREM sleep

A

medium/moderate activity. as NREM stages progress, and EMG is likely to show lower activity as movement is less likely to occur

31
Q

Electro-oculograph (EOG)

A

a device that detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles surrounding the eyes
-helpful in determining what type of sleep an individual is experiencing

32
Q

sleep diaries

A

a record containing self-reported descriptions from an individual about their sleeping periods including an estimated time spent sleeping and judgements they might have about the quality and nature of their sleep

33
Q

limitations of sleep diaries

A

This method is subjective and therefore can be less reliable than objective measures, such as
EEGs, as individuals may not be able to determine the exact time they fell asleep or be able to remember the quality of their sleep upon waking.

34
Q

strengths of sleep diaries

A

they provide qualitative information and therefore are often extensive in detail and description.

35
Q

video monitoring

A

the use of camera and audio technologies to record an individual as they sleep

36
Q

limitations of video monitoring

A

-it may be unclear whether
an individual seen to be getting out of bed during the night is awake or sleep-walking.

37
Q

strengths of video monitoring

A

useful for individuals with sleep disorders, as their behaviours during sleep can be observed. Video monitoring can also be used in conjunction with physiological measures to give validity to a phenomenon. For example, a spike in an EMG recording could correspond to bodily movement in the bed, which would be validated with video monitoring.

38
Q

biological rhythms

A

repeated biological processes that are regulated by internal mechanisms

39
Q

circadian rhythms

A

biological and behavioural changes that occur as part of a cycle that lasts around 24 hours
-sleep wake cycle

40
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

biological and behavioural changes that occur in a cycle that lasts less than 24 hours
-sleep cycle

41
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

an area in the hypothalamus that is responsible for regulating an individuals sleep wake patterns
-located at optic chiasm
-made up of 2 nuclei

42
Q

cortisol

A

a hormone that is responsible for increasing alertness and maintaining heightened arousal

43
Q

how does the internal body clock work?

A

SCN receives information from external and internal cues to help modulate the circadian rhythm.
SCN sends appropriate signal to the pineal gland to release melatonin or to adrenal cortex to release cortisol
external cues: absence or presence of light
internal cues: expression or suppression of genes (clock genes)

44
Q

neonatal period sleep (1-15 days)

A

-16 hours
-REM:NREM —> 50:50
-time spent in REM is high due to brain development

45
Q

Infancy sleep (3-24 months)

A

-13.5 hours
-REM:NRM —> 35:65
-Brain development pace steadies so REM sleep decreases

46
Q

Childhood sleep (2-14 years)

A

-11 hours
-REM:NREM —> 20:80
-Brain development pace steadies so REM sleep decreases

47
Q

Adolescence sleep (14-18 years)

A

-9 hours
-REM:NREM —> 20:80
-sleep patterns can change due to various factors (delayed circadian phase disorder)

48
Q

Adulthood (18-75 years)

A

-7-8 HOURS
-REM: NREM —> 20:80

49
Q

Old age (75+ years)

A

-6 hours
-REM:NREM —>20:80
-Advanced sleep phase syndrome

Psychology Unit 3 & 4 (11 decks)

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