Approaches to understanding learning Chapter 4 Flashcards
learning
a relatively permanent change in behaviour
-learning can be intentional or unintentional
-as a learner we can be active in the process or passive
-there are behaviours that are not taught: walking
behaviourist approaches to learning
theories that propose learning occurs by interacting with the external environment
Classical conditioning
a process of learning through the involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response
how many stages in classical conditioning and what are they?
- before conditioning
- during conditioning
3.after conditioning
Pavlov’s dogs
–Ivan Pavlov was a behaviourist in early 1900’s
–He discovered that he was able to condition his dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell
–Before conditioning: BELL (neutral stimulus) ⋙ No response
–During conditioning: BELL (neutral stimulus) + FOOD (unconditioned stimulus) ⋙ SALIVATE AT FOOD (unconditioned response)
–After Conditioning: BELL (conditioned stimulus) ⋙ SALIVATE AT BELL (conditioned response)
neutral stimulus
-bell
-a stimulus that produces no naturally occurring response
unconditioned stimulus
-food
-a stimulus that produces a naturally occurring response
unconditioned response
-salivate at food
-a naturally occurring response that occurs upon presentation of an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus
-bell when paired with food
-a stimulus that when repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response
conditioned response
-salivate at bell
-a learned response that occurs upon presentation of a conditioned stimulus
acquisition
involves the development of a conditioned response through the repeated association between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus
extinction
the disappearance of a conditioned response, following a lack of a pairing of the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
following extinction and a rest period the conditioned response reappears at the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
following extinction and a rest period the conditioned response reappears at the presentation of the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalisation
the tendency for a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a response that is similar to the conditioned response
stimulus generalisation
the tendency for a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a response that is similar to the conditioned response
stimulus discrimination
when an individual only elicits the conditioned response to the original conditioned stimulus–not to other similar stimuli
Operant conditioning
a learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of the behaviour
-if the consequence is desirable, behaviour is likely to be repeated
-if the consequence is undesirable, behaviour is likely not to be repeated
antecedent
that which initiates stimulates or triggers behaviour
behaviour
aka operant response. This is where an individual acts upon their environment
consequence
shapes or guides future behaviour
positive reinforcement
give something good
e.g. getting a reward for doing homework
positive punishment
give something bad
e.g. getting detention for not doing hw
Negative punishment
the removal of something desirable
e.g. losing phone