Approaches to understanding learning Chapter 4

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

a relatively permanent change in behaviour
-learning can be intentional or unintentional
-as a learner we can be active in the process or passive
-there are behaviours that are not taught: walking

Question 2

behaviourist approaches to learning

Answer 2

theories that propose learning occurs by interacting with the external environment

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

a process of learning through the involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response

Question 4

how many stages in classical conditioning and what are they?

Answer 4

1. before conditioning
2. during conditioning
   3.after conditioning

Question 5

Pavlov’s dogs

Answer 5

–Ivan Pavlov was a behaviourist in early 1900’s
–He discovered that he was able to condition his dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell
–Before conditioning: BELL (neutral stimulus) ⋙ No response
–During conditioning: BELL (neutral stimulus) + FOOD (unconditioned stimulus) ⋙ SALIVATE AT FOOD (unconditioned response)
–After Conditioning: BELL (conditioned stimulus) ⋙ SALIVATE AT BELL (conditioned response)

Question 6

neutral stimulus

Answer 6

-bell
-a stimulus that produces no naturally occurring response

Question 7

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 7

-food
-a stimulus that produces a naturally occurring response

Question 8

unconditioned response

Answer 8

-salivate at food
-a naturally occurring response that occurs upon presentation of an unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

conditioned stimulus

Answer 9

-bell when paired with food
-a stimulus that when repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus, produces a conditioned response

Question 10

conditioned response

Answer 10

-salivate at bell
-a learned response that occurs upon presentation of a conditioned stimulus

Question 11

acquisition

Answer 11

involves the development of a conditioned response through the repeated association between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus

Question 12

extinction

Answer 12

the disappearance of a conditioned response, following a lack of a pairing of the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus

Question 13

spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

following extinction and a rest period the conditioned response reappears at the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Question 13

spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

following extinction and a rest period the conditioned response reappears at the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

Question 14

stimulus generalisation

Answer 14

the tendency for a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Question 14

stimulus generalisation

Answer 14

the tendency for a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus to produce a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Question 15

stimulus discrimination

Answer 15

when an individual only elicits the conditioned response to the original conditioned stimulus–not to other similar stimuli

Question 16

Operant conditioning

Answer 16

a learning process in which the likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of the behaviour
-if the consequence is desirable, behaviour is likely to be repeated
-if the consequence is undesirable, behaviour is likely not to be repeated

Question 17

antecedent

Answer 17

that which initiates stimulates or triggers behaviour

Question 18

behaviour

Answer 18

aka operant response. This is where an individual acts upon their environment

Question 19

consequence

Answer 19

shapes or guides future behaviour

Question 20

positive reinforcement

Answer 20

give something good
e.g. getting a reward for doing homework

Question 21

positive punishment

Answer 21

give something bad
e.g. getting detention for not doing hw

Question 22

Negative punishment

Answer 22

the removal of something desirable
e.g. losing phone

Question 23

negative reinforcement

Answer 23

the removal of something bad e.g. not having to do chores

Question 24

comparing classical and operant conditioning

Answer 24

-role of learner: cc: passive participant, op: active participant -nature of response: cc: involuntary response, op: voluntary response -timing of stimulus: cc: presented before response, op: presented after response

Question 25

social cognitive approaches to learning

Answer 25

theories that propose learning takes place in a social setting and involves various cognitive processes

Question 26

Bandura and the bobo dolls

Answer 26

-1960s, albert bandura -he suggested that learning occurs in social settings and that behaviours can be learned by watching and imitating others -ages 3-6 years old -they watch an adult violently attack a bobo doll -when given a bobo doll the children imitate the aggressive behaviour

Question 27

observational learning

Answer 27

a process of learning that involves watching the behaviour of a model and the associated consequence of that behaviour

Question 28

model

Answer 28

the individual who is performing the behaviour that is being observed

Question 29

3 types of models

Answer 29

live model: a real life individual who is displaying the behaviour verbal model: a real-life individual who does not display the behaviour rather they explain it symbolic model: a real or fictional character who is displaying the behaviour in books, films, tv etc.

Question 30

5 stages of observational learning

Answer 30

attention ⋙ retention ⋙ reproduction ⋙ motivation ⋙ reinforcement

Question 31

attention

Answer 31

individuals actively focus on the model's behaviour and the consequences of the behaviour

Question 32

retention

Answer 32

individuals create a mental representation to remember the models demonstrated behaviour

Question 33

reproduction

Answer 33

individual must have the physical and mental capabilities to replicate the behaviour

Question 34

motivation

Answer 34

individuals must want to reproduce the behaviour

Question 35

reinforcement

Answer 35

individuals receive a positive consequence for the behaviour which makes them more likely to reproduce the behaviour again

Question 36

systems of knowledge

Answer 36

knowledge and skills are based on interconnected social, physical, and spiritual understandings, and in turn, inform survival and contribute to a strong sense of identity

Question 37

multimodal

Answer 37

using a variety of methods

Question 38

8 ways of aboriginal learning framework

Answer 38

1. story sharing 2. learning maps 3. non-verbal 4. symbols and images 5. non-linear 6. land links 7. community links 8. deconstruct/ reconstruct

Question 39

story sharing

Answer 39

Learning takes place through narrative and story-sharing

Question 40

learning maps

Answer 40

Planning and visualising processes and knowledge

Question 41

non-verbal

Answer 41

Sharing knowledge through non-verbal means, including dance, art, and observation

Question 42

symbols and images

Answer 42

Learning through images, symbols, and metaphors

Question 43

land links

Answer 43

Learning and knowledge are inherently linked to nature, land, and Country

Question 44

non linear

Answer 44

Thinking outside the square and taking knowledge from different viewpoints in order to build new understandings

Question 45

deconstruct/ reconstruct

Answer 45

Breaking down a concept from whole to parts, and then applying it. Knowledge or skills are demonstrated (modelled), and then a learner is guided through each part in turn. Learners engage by watching and then doing.

Question 46

community links

Answer 46

Connecting learning to local values, needs, and knowledge. Learning does not occur in a vacuum, but rather is shared with others and used to meet the needs of the community