The Provisions of Oxford

Question 1

When were the Provisions of Oxford?

Answer 1

1258

Question 2

What did the Provisions of Oxford mean?

3 points

Answer 2

• A council of 24 barons would be in charge of the Great Council - 12 appointed by King and 12 appointed by barons
• The King could not make decisions without the barons’ approval, and the barons could without his approval
• Foreign members removed from positions of power (E.g. Peter de Roches)

Question 3

Who was Simon de Montford?

Answer 3

Henry III’s brother-in-law
Regarded posthumously as the father of parliament

Question 4

What kind of ruler was Henry III and what did it mean?

Answer 4

Henry III was a pious ruler, meaning he was devoted to the Pope

Question 5

What did the Pope want Henry III to do?

Answer 5

Pope Innocent him money to invade Sicily
Pope Alexander demanded the money back and threatened to excommunicate Henry

Question 6

What triggered the Second Barons’ War?

Answer 6

Henry wrote to the Pope to ask permission for the Provisions to be revoked, and was successful. For 3 years, Henry ruled without the barons, until they got fed up and Simon de Montford started the War

Question 7

When was the Battle of Lewes?

Answer 7

1264

Question 8

Who won the Battle of Lewes and what were the consequences?

Answer 8

Simon de Montfort
Henry III and his son Edward were captured, meaning England no longer had a King and Simon was in charge

Question 9

What did Simon de Montfort do with his new government?

Answer 9

Reinstalled Magna Carta and the Provisions of Oxford, and appointed a council of nine of his friends and allies

Question 10

What did Simon do in 1265 when he was worried about losing his power?

Answer 10

Called a Great Council meeting with common representatives from every county for the first time
Beginning of the House of Commons

Question 11

What caused the Provisions of Oxford?

Answer 11

• Henry III was always demanding more tax
• Relied on foreign advisors for advice (E.g. Peter de Roches)
• Invasion of Sicily was costly and didn’t benefit England, only Henry and the Pope

Question 12

Who was Henry III’s father?

Answer 12

King John

Question 13

What was a problem among barons following the Provisions of Oxford?

Answer 13

They could not agree on how much reform they wanted - some wanted to limit the King’s power more (E.g. Simon de Montfort)

Question 14

What was the significance of the Battle of Lewes?

Answer 14

• Victory for Simon de Montfort
• Captured Henry III and his son
• Although Henry technically remained King, all decisions were made by Simon’s council of nine barons
• However parliament was rarely called by monarchs and often ignored (E.g. Elizabeth vetoed laws + banned discussion of marriage)

Question 15

What were the events of the Second Barons’ War?

Answer 15

• Henry got the Pope’s permission to break the Provisions
• In 1263, Simon began gathering support
• In 1264, Simon won the Battle of Lewes
• He also captured Henry III and his son Edward, so although he was technically still king, Simon became the effective ruler of England
• In 1265, Edward escaped and his army defeated Simon at the Battle of Evesham, but his legacy remained, cementing parliament in power of England or something…

Question 16

When was the Battle of Evesham?

Answer 16

1265

Question 17

Who was King at the time of the Provisions of Oxford?

Answer 17

Henry III