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Genetics 380 > The Process Whereby A Gene Makes Its Protein > Flashcards

The Process Whereby A Gene Makes Its Protein Flashcards

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1
Q

transcription

A

gene (DNA) makes pre-mRNA

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2
Q

post transcriptional RNA processing

A

introns excised out of pre-mRNA; 5’ end capped w methyl-guanine; 3’ end gets poly-A tail

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3
Q

translation

A

ribosome reads mRNA, string amino acids together

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4
Q

post-translational processing

A

folding, adornment w chemical side groups, localization, possibly enzymatic cleavage, possibly joining w other proteins to form multimers

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5
Q

transcription factors

A

bind gene’s promoter to initiate transcription

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6
Q

acetyl groups

A

have neg charge that neutralizes positive lysines that grip neg charged DNA tightly so that DNA is loosen and transcription factors can bind

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7
Q

histone deacetylase

A

removes acetyl groups from histone = chromatin recondenses and transcription stops

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8
Q

elongation

A

RNA polymerase makes pre-mRNA

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9
Q

pre mRNA

A

same as coding strand but has uracils instead of thymines

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10
Q

coding strand

A

sense strand

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11
Q

noncoding template strand

A

antisense strand

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12
Q

RNA polymerase

A

transcribes the gene to make mRNA

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13
Q

termination of transcirption

A

specific sequences signals signal the end

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14
Q

rho protein

A

used by some bacterial and viral genes to terminate transcription; binds to RNA and moves toward RNA polymerase/DNA template complex; RNA polymerase slows down when it encounters specific termination sequence in gene’s DNA; rho protein catches up to RNA polymerase/DNA complex and knocks off RNA polymerase allowing RNA to separate from DNA template strand

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15
Q

intrinsic termination

A

rho-independent method; sequence ends w short segment of inverted GC-rich repeats followed by string of adenines (A); CG rich repeat gets transcribed then RNA forms hairpin due to complementarity to inverted repeats which causes RNA to fall of template

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16
Q

RNA polymerase II

A

in eukaryotes transcribes protein-coding genes and many noncoding RNAs including small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs)and microRNA (miRNA) precursors

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17
Q

polyadenylated

A

when pre-mRNA is cleaved; marked by highly conserved consensus sequence (AAUAAA)

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18
Q

5’ cap

A

5’ end is capped w methylated guanine that has extra phosphate group on its 5’ carbon using 5’ to 5’ linkage

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19
Q

poly-a-tail

A

after transcription approx. 250 adenosine monophosphates are added to 3’ end of mRNA by polynucleotide adenylyltransferase

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20
Q

RNA splicing

A

introns are excised out and exons spliced together

21
Q

spliceosome

A

complex of proteins and RNAs excises the introns out of the pre-mRNA and splices exons together

22
Q

small nuclear RNAs

A

combine w proteins to make small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (aka SNRPs)

23
Q

self-splicing introns

A

fold into loops and lariats on their own

24
Q

post transcriptional RNA processing

A

5’ cap + poly a tail put on then then introns are excised out and exons are spliced together in archaea and eukaryotes

25
Q

splice site mutations

A

cause multiple RNAs to be produced

26
Q

alternative splicing

A

allows one gene to make several different isoforms of its protein; allows one gene to make different proteins in different tissues

27
Q

mature mRNA

A

has untranslated regions at 5’ and 3’ ends

28
Q

RNA editing after transcirption

A

cleaved/edited by guide RNAs; nucleotides can be added/deleted/substituted; resultant mRNA might no match predicted sequence from gene’s coding sequence

29
Q

ribosome

A

reads mRNA 3 bases at a time (called a codon) to ad one amino acid to growing polypeptide

30
Q

STOP codon

A

terminates translation and releases polypeptide which is folded, adorned w chemical side groups + sent to where it needs to be = some join w other to form multimers; some get cleaved into multiple independently active peptides; some made inactive form and activated by cleavage

31
Q

initiation of translation

A

proteins that bind to 5’ cap and poly-A-tail help ribosome bind mRNA

32
Q

elongation factors

A

help ribosome chain amino acids together

33
Q

tRNA

A

carries amino acids in for translation; mRNA codon tells which anticodon tRNA must have; specific tRNA for each amino acid

34
Q

tRNA charging

A

ATP provides energy to tRNA to bring in amino acids

35
Q

Shine-Dalgarno sequence

A

in bacterial mRNA orients ribosome

36
Q

AUG codon

A

translation begins here

37
Q

Kozak sequence

A

consensus sequence around START codon

38
Q

initiation factors

A

help ribosome assemble; in eukaryotes 5’ cap and poly-a-tail both bind to initiation factors

39
Q

missense mutation

A

one amino acid gets replaced by another: no effect to no protein activity; translation continues after mutation as downstream sequences get translated

40
Q

nonsense mutation

A

creates STOP codon at site of the mutation; protein is truncated = abolishes protein’s activity; translation stops at that point downstream sequences do not get translated

41
Q

ribosome reading frame

A

begins at START codon ends at STOP codon; deletion/insertion w multiple of 3 nucleotide does not shift reading frame (not multiple of 3 will shift reading frame and protein cannot function/new function)

42
Q

ribosome reading

A

assembled polypeptide at P site next amino acid carried to A site = bond between new AA amino group and previous AA carboxyl group

43
Q

STOP codons

A

UGA, UAA, and UAG

44
Q

releasing factors

A

terminate translation

45
Q

proteins left on mRNA

A

signals enzymes to degrade the mRNA

46
Q

tmRNA

A

part tRNA part mRNA used by bacteria to rescue translation where there is no STOP codon; carries alanine and binds to A site to deliver it; adds 10 more AAs then uses its STOP codon to release the stalled ribosome

47
Q

nonstop mRNA decay in eukaryotes

A

no STOP codon: ribosomes A site is hanging off which signals protein to attach to mRNA and degrade it from its 3’ end forward

48
Q

post translation processing

A

folding, adornment, placement, and cleavage; ribosome makes polypeptide which must be processed into protein

Genetics 380 (11 decks)

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