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Genetics 380 > Nucleic Acids Chromatin And Chromosomes > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Chromatin And Chromosomes Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

types of DNA

A

(1) chromosomal DNA in nucleus (2) mitochondrial DNA (3) chloroplast DNA (4) bacterial DNA (chromosomes and plasmids) (5) viral DNA

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2
Q

messenger RNA

A

translated into polypeptides

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3
Q

ribosomal RNA

A

integral part of ribosome

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4
Q

transfer RNA

A

carry amino acids in for polypeptide synthesis

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5
Q

small nuclear RNAs

A

help process pre mRNAs into mRNAs; help process and assemble ribosomal RNAs

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6
Q

ribozymes

A

function like enzyme proteins (ex: cleave RNAs, assemble polymer, rRNA)

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7
Q

antisense RNAs

A

interfere w protein production ex: microRNAs (miRNA), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs); some enable protein production

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8
Q

piwi interacting RNAs

A

antisense RNA; suppress transcription of transposons in testes, interact with the piwi protein

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9
Q

CRISPR RNAs

A

help bacteria and archaea destroy invading viruses and plasmids; antisense RNA

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10
Q

long noncoding RNAs

A

some act as molecular decoys and bind up proteins that would otherwise destabilize chromosomes; others cause change in structure of chromosomes, inhibiting gene expression

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11
Q

molecule of inheritance must

A

contain info that determines all traits and functions of the organism; be stable in general but also have ability to change in some ways w/o causing harm to organism; be carried on chromosomes

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12
Q

chromosomal theory of inheritance (Sutton 1902)

A

organisms possessed matched pairs of maternal and paternal chromosomes that separated from each other during meiosis and constitute the physical basis of Mendelian law of heredity

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13
Q

Griffith

A

one bacterium can transmit its characteristics to another; mice infected with S strain always died even mix of R strain and heat killed S strain

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14
Q

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty (1944)

A

DNA, not RNA or protein, was transforming principle; transforming principle was heritable

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15
Q

Hershey and Chase (1952)

A

showed that bacteriophage injects its DNA, not protein, into its target bacteria; 2 sets of E. Coli: protein vs. nucleotide

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16
Q

double helix

A

Franklin and Wilkins showed DNA is helical and made of 2 parallel parts; helix contains 10 nucleotides per turn and has diameter of 20 angstroms

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17
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

of A bases = T bases and C bases = G bases

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18
Q

Watson and Crick (1953)

A

two DNA strands lie in antiparallel arrangement; bonds between A-T bases and C-G bases hold the two strands of double helix together; concept of complementary bases immediately suggested a mechanism for DNA rep.

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19
Q

nucleoside

A

sugar + nitrogenous base

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20
Q

nucleotide

A

nucleoside + phosphate group

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21
Q

sugar

A

ribose (RNA) or deoxyribose (DNA)

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22
Q

DNA contains

A

ACGT

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23
Q

RNA contains

A

ACGU (single stranded)

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24
Q

Why RNA has uracil and DNA has thymine

A

uracil is E less expensive to produce than thymine = E saving; cytosine is easily converted to uracil (does not require enzyme) deamination replaces the NH2 amine group on cytosine w a c=o (carbonyl) group; over time many C to U changes cause problems w DNA not RNA

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25
Q

C to U mutations

A

disease causing mutation in DNA (template for replication for several generations of cell cycles); RNAs are short lived so there isn’t enough time for C to U to occur and disturb RNA function

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26
Q

5’ and 3’ ends on nucleic acid

A

new nucleotide is added by hooking the phosphate group on the 5’ carbon of the new nucleotide onto the O that is on the 3’ carbon of the previous nucleotide; 5’ phosphate at “front” end; OH on the “tail” end

27
Q

double helix structure

A

sugar phosphate backbone of each strand on outside of helix; covalent bonds between sugar and phosphate hold nucleotides together in a single chain; bases stacked inside; H bonding (non covalent) between complementary bases keeps 2 DNA strands together; major and minor grooves formed; important for protein building

28
Q

B form DNA configuration

A

typical configuration in vivo proposed by Watson and Crick, right handed helix

29
Q

A form DNA configuration

A

under high salt concentrations helix gets a little more compact, still right handed helix

30
Q

RNA structure

A

single stranded but can fold on itself and adopt a number of conformation; 2 stretches of bases w complementary sequences they will bind to each other (does not have to be a perfect complementary); stem and loop hairpins; right handed double helices; internal loops and bulges

31
Q

transfer RNA structure (tRNA)

A

contain modified nucleotides (ex: methylguanosine); characterized by anticodon which binds mRNA at ribosome and amino acid-carrying portion

32
Q

not all genomes contain double stranded DNA

A

viruses w 2x stranded DNA genomes others w 2x stranded RNA genomes, 1x DNA genomes, 1x RNA genomes

33
Q

mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA

A

circular; encode rRNAs, tRNAs and proteins that are essential for function of mitochondrion; over evolution genes transferred from mitochondrion to nucleus and from chloroplasts to mitochondria

34
Q

dinucleotide

A

2 nucleotides

35
Q

trinucleotide

A

three nucleotides

36
Q

oligonucleotide

A

less than 40

37
Q

denaturing

A

separating 2 DNA strands often using heat to break the H bonds between bases (often called melting strands); seq. w high G-C content has higher melting temp than one w high A-T content

38
Q

annealing

A

complementary single strands of DNA H bond back together

39
Q

bacterial (chromosomal) DNA is attached

A

to proteins; instead of nucleus there is nucleoid region; DNA forms loop domains each anchored by DNA binding proteins; DNA in each loop is supercoiled

40
Q

bacterial DNA is supercoiled

A

topoisomerases catalyze changes in chromatin configuration + negatively supercoil DNA and nucleoid associated proteins (NAPs) hold it in the proper configuration; can be positively or neg supercoiled

41
Q

plasmid

A

small, circular piece of DNA that replicates independently from bacterium itself; can be replicated and copies transferred to another bacterium by process known as conjugation; don’t contain genes essential for life but may contain genes that encode protein that help them survive and propagate (ex: resistant factors that protect again antibiotics, fertility factors that enable them to engage in conjugation w other bacteria more effectively)

42
Q

bacterial conjugation

A

plasmids are copied and transferred

43
Q

toposiomerases

A

temporarily cut the DNA strands and rotate the ends of the DNA so it can coil

44
Q

nucleosome

A

DNA is wound around 8 histone proteins to make nucleosome; eu DNA is wound around histone proteins

45
Q

histone 1 protein

A

locks DNA around histones; nucleosome plus H1 = chromatosome

46
Q

linker DNA

A

connects chromatosomes

47
Q

scaffold proteins

A

help hold the coils together

48
Q

chromatin

A

combination of DNA and proteins

49
Q

acetylation of lysines in histone proteins

A

allows histones to loosen so DNA or gene can replicate to make its mRNA; DNA has neg. charge lysines in histone proteins have pos. charges; neg. charged acetyl group on lysine causes histones to release DNA a little and allows it to open so protein needed for trans. or rep. can access DNA

50
Q

histone acetyltransferase

A

puts acetyl groups on the histone proteins (histone deacetylase takes them off)

51
Q

coiling DNA

A

aligns reg. sequences bc they may lie far from the promoter

52
Q

chromatin relaxes to allow gene expression

A

histones must loosen grip on DNA in order for gene to make its mRNA

53
Q

linear chromosomes

A

eukaryotic; metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric

54
Q

polycentric chromosomes

A

eukaryotes have chromosomes w centromeres distributed along the chromosome; spindle fibers attach all along the chromosome

55
Q

repeated seq. in centromere

A

different orgs. have diff specific centromeric sequences; centromeres contain variant form of histone H3 and adopt characteristic chr. configuration which allows them to serve their functions

56
Q

kinetochore

A

specialized protein structure around centromere

57
Q

spindle fibers

A

grab chromosomes’ centromeres; bind w kinetochores and pull apart homologous chromosome pair during anaphase I or meiosis and 2 sister chromatids get pulled apart during anaphase II of meiosis or anaphase of mitosis

58
Q

anaphase

A

spindle fibers draw chromosomes apart

59
Q

telomeres

A

must be stabilized; one strand project beyond other strand + protection of telomere protein binds to single stranded DNA

60
Q

t-loop

A

telomeric end of long strand binds itself at a complementary seq.

61
Q

shelterin

A

multi-protein complex that binds telomeres and keeps them from being replicated in most orgs.

62
Q

euchromatin

A

less condensed (still supercoiled) and most genes located here are active

63
Q

hetermochromatin

A

more condensed than euchromatin and genes are inactive; if chr. rearrangement moves gene too close to heterochr. region this may silence the gene

Genetics 380 (11 decks)

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