The plant and animal kingdoms Flashcards
Whats the mnemonic for remembering the classification system?
King - Kingdom Penguins - Phylum Climb - Class Over - Order Frozen - Family Grassy - Genus Slopes - Species
What are “true” plants?
1) Species that are multicellular
2) Have eukaryotic cells with cellulose cell walls
3) Can photosynthesise using chlorophyll present in chloroplasts
4) Show differentiation between cells.
Describe the main features of Kingdom Bryophyta and what is this kingdom represented by?
Mosses - Lack true roots, stems and leaves and they do not possess vascular tissue. They rely on turgor pressure for support Lack cuticle or stomata Rhizoids anchor them to the ground Spores germinate not seeds. No lignification
What impact does the features of kingdom Bryophyta have on it?
No true roots - restricts their size, restricted to habitats where water and ions are close to the surface.
Rely on turgor pressure - restricted to damp environments
Lack cuticle and stomata - Control of water loss is difficult
Spores are susceptible to desiccation
Why would mosses grow on stone walls / roofs?
To avoid competition from other plants and avoid damage by trampling.
In what environments do the spores germinate
Moist conditions
Describe the main features of the sub-division Pteridophyta and what is it represented by.
Ferns -
Have true roots, stems and leaves and possess vascular tissue
Multicellular and differentiate into different tissues.
Lignified but still rely on turgor
Have cuticle and stomata
Disperse spores that germinate in damp areas
Stem runs horizontally below the ground
Leaves divide into fronds
What impact does the features the ferns have on it?
Presence of lignified xylem and phloem allows water and ion transport which in turn allows them to grow to a larger size.
Cuticle and stomata means they can control water loss.
True roots allow them to colonise drier areas than mosses.
What does the impact of their spores being susceptible to desiccation have on the ferns?
Restricts ferns to fairly damp environments
Describe the main features of subdivision Spermatophyta and what it is represented by
Flowering plants - Angiosperms
Multicellular with differentiation into different tissues i.e. roots, stems, leaves and flowers.
Have true roots, stems and leaves
Waterproofed cuticle and stomata
Vascular tissue is highly developed
Seeds able to withstand desiccation due to tough outer coat
Have adapted to dry and wet environments
What impact do these features have on the flowering plants
Roots are able to penetrate the ground anchoring it and allowing it to absorb water and minerals deep in the ground.
Extensive xylem system and lignification, transport throughout the plant is possible, can develop into complex systems - ability to compete for light increased.
Developed water retention characteristics
Reduced dependency on water
Seeds have a tough outer coat, embryo and food stor which means they are capable of remaining dormant for a long time and germinate when conditions are favourable
What are the 5 animal kingdoms in order of increasing complexity?
Phylum Cnidaria Phylum Platyhelminthes Phylum Annelida Phylum Arthropoda Phylum Chordata
What are all animals?
Multicellular, composed of eukaryotic cells lacking cell walls. Diploid. Heterotrophs feeing on organic material they can digest internally. Motile.
Describe the main features of Phylum Cnidaria and give some examples.
Jellyfish -
Multicellular with some differentiation of tissues.
Radially symmetrical
Single opening to the gut called the enteron - carries out digestion
Mouth is used for ingestion and egestion
Hydroskeleton formed by fluid filled enteron
Diploblastic - 2 body parts
No coelum or anus
Describe the body structure of Phylum Cnidaria
Has a outer layer of cells called the ECTOderm, an inner layer of cells called the ENDOderm and the space in-between is called the mesoglea
Describe the main feature of the Phylum Platyhelminthes and give an example
Flatworms - Multicellular with some differentiation of tissues Bilaterally symmetrical Dorso-ventrally flattened Triploblastic Gut has a mouth but no anus Enteron completes digestion
What are the advantages of the features listed above.
Bilaterally symmetrical - Front sensors allow then to test the environment they’re moving into. Steam-lined shape makes movement easier
Tube like gut means solid tissues fills the rest of the space - allows specialisation to take place.
Dorso-ventral flattening - Increases SA to volume ratio as more metabolic activity. Increases oxygen uptake. Decreases diffusion distance from body surface to body cells.
What are the differences between radial and bilateral symmetry?
Radial - Symmetry around a central axis, body can be divided into two halves along any plane that goes through the central axis
Bilateral - Body can be divided into two equal halves on either side of the central axis.
What are the advantages of radial and bilateral symmetry?
Radial - obtain food from any direction
Bilateral - 1) Allows streamlining to occur
2) Allows the development of an anterior and
posterior, more suitable for movement
3) Allows for cephalisation
4) Sensory organs can be concentrated at the
front
Describe the main features of Phylum Annelida and give an example.
Earthworm - Multicellular with some differentiation of tissues. Bilaterally symmetrical Rounded in transverse section Possess a coelom Metamerically segmented Non chitinous cuticle One way gut Chaetae present Hydrostatic skeleton formed by segmented body cavities
What are the advantages of the features listed above?
Coelom - 1) SA to metabolically active tissue increased
2) Spaces are fluid filled - hydrostatic skeleton
3) The muscles involved in locomotion are
separate from the gut muscles
4) Provides room for the development of organs
Metameric segmentation - as segmentation becomes more specialised it allows for the evolution of specialised appendages.
One way gut - Allows for regional specialisation, oesophagus etc
Describe the main features of Phylum arthropoda and give an example.
Insects -
Multicellular with differentiated tissues
Bilaterally symmetrical
FIXED number of metameric segments e.g. Head, abdomen and thorax in insects
Jointed limbs
Metameric segments are more highly specialised than in annelids allowing for the evolution of specialised appendages for flight burrowing
Gut has a mouth and anus with regional specialisation
Tough chitinous exoskeleton
Heart pumps blood to a haemocoel cavity to pump to rest
Growth involves stages of moulting
What are the advantages of the examples listed above?
Tough exoskeleton - support and protection
Same as above for the same things
What is the most successful animal group on earth and why?
Insects
Basic insect body plan can be adapted to fill a wide range of ecological niches.
e.g. mouth parts - chewing, piercing skin
wings - for flight, colonise new areas
What are the main features of Phylum Chordata and give some examples
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
They are vertebrates with a backbone.
Multicellular with highly differentiated tissues
Bilaterally symmetrical
Body cavity is much greater and extensively developed which allows for complex systems to form.
Vertebral spinal column with segmented muscle blocks with a skeleton consisting of an internal jointed system of calcified bones.
One way gut - high degree of regional specialisation.
Describe the evolutionary trends in the animal kingdom.
1) Gradation from radial to bilateral symmetry. Advantages of both listed above recall them.
2) Gradation from solid tissue between body surface and gut lining to presence of cavities that reduce the amount of metabolically active tissue per unit volume
3) Development of metameric segmentation in annelids, arthropods and chordates
4) Development of a one way gut.
