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Diabetes & Endocrinology > The pituitary gland ( and hypothalamus) > Flashcards

The pituitary gland ( and hypothalamus) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hypothalamus a part of?

A

the brain

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2
Q

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?

A

directly via stalk called the infundibulum

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3
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

stalk connecting the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

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4
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior and posterior pituitary and what does this mean?

A

neural to posterior pituitary
endocrine to anterior pituitary
neuroendocrine function

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5
Q

What hormones are released from the hypothalamus? Why?

A

neuroendocrine

neural tissue

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6
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

in pocket of sphenoid bone directly below the hypothalamus

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7
Q

Give some examples of inputs to the hypothalamus

A 
sleep 
hydration status 
puberty 
menstruation 
cold 
stress
metabolic demand
day/night
breastfeeding 
pregnancy
exercise
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8
Q

Give some examples of physiological mechanisms which the pituitary controls

A 
water balance 
lactation 
parturition 
growth 
gonadal function 
thyroid function 
adrenal function 
metabolism
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9
Q

What is parturition?

A

The action of giving birth

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10
Q

The hypothalamus and anterior or posterior pituitary release both trophic and non-trophic hormones?

A

anterior

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11
Q

What are trophic hormones?

A

Hormones governing the release of another hormone

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12
Q

What type of hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

neurohormones from the hypothalamus

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13
Q

What type of hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

classic endocrine hormones

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14
Q

What do the trophic hormones from the hypothalamus govern?

A

release of anterior pituitary hormones

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15
Q

What do the non-trophic hormones from the hypothalamus govern?

A

travel to posterior pituitary and are released into the blood

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16
Q

What do all the trophic hormones released from the hypothalamus do when they reach the anterior pituitary?

A

bind to receptors and stimulate/inhibit release of AP hormones

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17
Q

Name the 5 hypothalamic releasing hormones

A 
TSH 
CRH
GHRH
GnRH
PRH
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18
Q

What are the 2 hypothalamic inhibiting hormones?

A

PIH eg dopamine

GHIH eg somatostatin

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19
Q

How are the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary connected?

A

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal

tiny network of vessels

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20
Q

Where are the hormones released from neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus? (hypothalamus & ant. pituitary)

A

Median eminence

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21
Q

What is the tissue origin of the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A 
anterior = epithelial 
posterior = neural
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22
Q

What are the other names for the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A 
anterior = adenohypophysis 
posterior = neurohypophysis
23
Q

What fraction of the gland does the anterior and posterior pituitary make up?

A

anterior is 2/3

24
Q

How are the capillary beds in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal arranged?

A

2 capillary beds in series

25
Q

What type of hormones does the hypothalamus produce that effects the anterior pituitary?

A

inhibiting or releasing hormones

trophic hormones

26
Q

How many hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland? What type of endocrine hormones?

A

6

peptides

27
Q

How many of the 6 anterior pituitary hormones are trophic?

A

5

28
Q

Name the 6 hormones the anterior pituitary produces

A 
TSH 
LH
FSH
GH
ACTH 
prolactin
29
Q

What is the only non-trophic anterior pituitary hormones and what is its effect?

A

prolactin

DIRECTLY stimulates milk production from breast during lactation

30
Q

3 integration centres of anterior pituitary feedback control

A

hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
target endocrine cell

31
Q

What acts as the negative feedback signal in anterior pituitary feedback control?

A

hormones

32
Q

Give an example of long loop feedback in anterior pituitary control

A

feedback from target endocrine cell to AP and hypothalamus

33
Q

Give an example of short loop feedback in anterior pituitary control

A

feedback from AP to the hypothalamus

34
Q

Advantage of anterior pituitary feedback control

A

links levels of sequential hormones together and tightly maintains plasma levels within the correct range

35
Q

What are the 2 peptide neurohormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary?

A

vasopressin eg ADH

oxytocin

36
Q

Where are the posterior pituitary neurohormones synthesised?

A

specific magnocellular neurons

37
Q

Where are magnocellular neuronal cell bodies?

A

specific areas of the hypothalamus

38
Q

How does the hormones travel from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary?

A

axons project down infundibulum to posterior pituitary

39
Q

Do magnocellular neurons synapse?

A

no - terminals end directly on capillaries

40
Q

Function of ADH

A

regulate water balance

41
Q

Release of ADH is triggered by..

A

decrease bp/plasma volume

increase plasma osmolarity

42
Q

Site/mode of action of ADH

A

kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption

vascular smooth muscle to increase blood pressure

43
Q

function of oxytocin

A

milk ejection and uterine contraction

44
Q

release of oxytocin triggered by…

A

labour - baby’s head against the cervix

suckling

45
Q

site/mode of action of oxytocin

A

milk ducts smooth muscle contracts and ejects milk

uterine smooth muscle contraction in child birth

46
Q

Hyposecretion

A

too little hormones secreted

47
Q

hypersecretion

A

too much hormone secreted

48
Q

hyporesponsiveness

A

reduced response of target cell

49
Q

hyperresponsiveness

A

increased response of target cell

50
Q

primary endocrine disorders

A

defect in cells which secrete the hormone

51
Q

secondary endocrine disorders

A

too much or little trophic hormone from pituitary gland

52
Q

tertiary endocrine disorders

A

hypothalamic defects

53
Q

3 causes of hyporesponsiveness

A

alterations in receptor for hormone
disordered post receptor events
failure of metabolic activation of hormone - if this is required

54
Q

Possible cause of hyperresponsiveness

A

permissive effects

Diabetes & Endocrinology (24 decks)

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