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Dental Anatomy > The periodontium > Flashcards

The periodontium Flashcards

1
Q

The periodontium can be divided into ……… & …….

A
  1. gingival unit

2. attachment appartus

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2
Q

The gingival unit consists of …..

A
  1. free gingiva
  2. attached gingiva
  3. alveolar mucosa
    * This unit includes both masticatory mucosa & lining mucosa
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3
Q

The masticatory mucosa is found in …..

A

free gingiva, attached gingiva, dorsum of tongue, hard palate

  • The lining mucosa is found elsewhere
  • See p. 754 if not clear
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4
Q

Normally, the free gingiva measures about ….. in height

A

3 mm

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5
Q

The form of interproximal papilla depends on ……

A

the size & shape of the embrasure, and the contact area

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6
Q

The ……… is above the mucogingival junction, while the ……… is below it

A
  • attached gingiva (width varies from area to another)

* alveolar mucosa (red because of thin epithelium)

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7
Q

The attachment apparatus consists of ……

A

the alveolar bone, the cementum & the collagen fiber attachments

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8
Q

Alveolar bone is composed of ……..

A

compact bone plates with inner trabecular bone.

  • Also called cribriform plate. It is pierce by vessels
  • If the bone is attached to Sharpey’s fibers, it is called bundle bone
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9
Q

The normal level of the alveolar bone is …..

A

1 mm below the cervical line

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10
Q

The origin of the principle fibers is ….

A

the cementum

  • The cementum is similar to bone
  • Sharpey’s fibers are the terminal ends of the principal fibers that insert into the cementum & periosteum
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11
Q

Principal fibers are classified into:

(non Sharpey’s fibers) …….

A
  1. Dentogingival: from cementum to free gingiva
  2. Dentoperiosteal: from cementum, over alveolar crest to mucoperiosteum of attached gingiva
  3. Transseptal: from cementum to cementum of adjacent tooth
  4. Circular fibers: not attached to cementum, run in free gingiva around the tooth in circles
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12
Q

The periodontal fiber group is classified into ….

A
  1. Alveolar crestal: from supra alveolar cementum to alveolar crest
  2. Horizontal
  3. Oblique (largest group, run obliquely coronally to alveolar bone)
  4. apical
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13
Q

The PDL doesn’t have a uniform width. The widest group is at ……….

A

the cervical and apical areas

* Thinnest group at the middle

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14
Q

PDL attaches the tooth to ……. and is continuous with ……

A

alveolar bone

gingival CT

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15
Q

What are the functions of the PDL??

A
  1. Formation of osteoblast, fibroblast & cementoblast
  2. Maintain tooth position
  3. Sensory
  4. Nutrition (good blood supply)
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16
Q

PDL is derived from …….

A

mesoderm

* PDL is directly derived from dental sac

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17
Q

What are the sources of blood supply to the PDL?

A
  1. Major source: periosteum
  2. Minor source: gingival vessels
  3. Arteries of periapical area (going to the pulp)
    * Lymph follow the blood route. Runs toward the alveolar bone
    * Nerves follow the blood route.
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18
Q

Malassez epithelial rests are ………

A

remnants of epithelial root sheath of Hertwig. Found in the PDL
* May undergo calcification, forming cementicles, or may form granuloma & cysts

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19
Q

What happens to the PDL in loss of function?

A
  1. Becomes narrow, thin & arrangement of fibers is lost

2. Cementum thickens (hypercementosis)

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20
Q

What happens to the PDL in occlusal trauma?

A
  1. PDL widens
  2. Alveolar bone reabsorbed
  3. Tooth becomes loose
    * If the trauma is removed, healing may occur
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21
Q

Alveolar processes support ……..

A

the sockets of the teeth

* There are no boundaries between the process & the jaw

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22
Q

The alveolar process consists of ……..

A
  1. Alveolar bone proper (lamellar bone): surrounds the root, and give attachment to PDL
  2. Supporting alveolar bone: surrounds the alveolar bone proper
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23
Q

The supporting alveolar bone consists of ….

A
  1. cortical bone

2. spongy bone

24
Q

Hemopoietic marrow could be found in …..

A

angle of the mandible, condylar process, maxillary tuberosity

25
Q

Swallowing is broken down into three phases …., …. ,,…..

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Pharyngeal
  3. Esophageal
26
Q

Explain the voluntary phase of deglutition

A
  1. Lips seal
  2. Soft palate raised to seal the nasal cavity
  3. Mandible is stabilized by masseter, medial pterygoid & temporalis. Teeth may contact here
  4. Tongue propels bolus into the pharynx
27
Q

What is the origin & insertion of the temporalis muscle?

A

Origin: lateral surface of temporal
Insertion: after passing below the zygomatic arch, insertion is at the coronoid process
* Anterior & middle sections elevate the mandible. posterior section retracts it

28
Q

What is the origin & insertion of the masseter muscle?

A

Origin: zygomatic arch
Insertion: lateral side of the angle of mandible
Function: elevates the mandible

29
Q

What is the origin & insertion of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Origin: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, the pyramidal process of palatine & tubercle of maxilla (tuberosity)
Insertion: medial side of the angle of mandible
Function: elevates the mandible

30
Q

Contraction of the left lateral pterygoid causes ……

A

mandible to move anteriorly and laterally (to the right)

31
Q

The masseteric sling consists of …….. & ……

A 
medial pterygoid (medially) & masseter (laterally)
* They support the mandible and provides powerful closing action
32
Q

V3 innervates ……

A

All four muscles of mastication, plus, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, tensor veli palatini, and ant. digastric

33
Q

The lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle contacts ……..

A

the parotid gland, inferior alveolar nerve & artery, lingual nerve & chorda tympani

34
Q

The major jaw opener is …….., and it is assisted by ……..

A

lateral pterygoid

* mylohyoid, diagastric, geniohyoid

35
Q

The insertion of the ant. diagastric is ……., and the origin of the posterior is ……..

A

diagastric fossa of the mandible
mastoid process
* They both insert into the trochlea of hyoid bone

36
Q

The function of the diagastric muscle is ……

A

depression (open) and retraction of the mandible

37
Q

The mylohyoid muscle arise from ……, and joins in …..

Its function is ……

A

mylohyoid line
mylohyoid raphe (connected to the hyoid bone)
* Function is depressing the mandible

38
Q

The origin of the geniohyoid is …….., and insertion is ……. . It is innervated by ……, and its function is …….

A

hyoid bone
midline of the mandible
C1 through hypoglossal N.
depress and retract the mandible

39
Q

The pterygoid hamulus is ……..

A

a hook like process from medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid

40
Q

The pterygomandibular raphe is ……..

It gives rise to ………

A

a fibrous seam, extending from the pterygoid hamulus to the mylohyoid line
* it gives rise to superior pharyngeal constrictor & the buccinator

41
Q

The pharyngeal raphe is ……

It gives attachment to ……….

A

the joining of the pharyngeal wall posteriorly in the midline. It extends to level of C6
* Attachment to all pharyngeal constrictors (Note: all innervated by CN X)

42
Q

The Superior pharyngeal constrictor origin is ……

A

pterygomandibular raphe, the pharyngeal raphe, and occipital bone
* Insertion is the mylohyoid line

43
Q

The middle pharyngeal constrictor origin is …

A

the pharyngeal raphe, hyoid bone and the stylohyoid ligament

44
Q

The inferior pharyngeal constrictor origin is …..

A

pharyngeal raphe, thyroid & cricoid cartilage

45
Q

Muscles responsible for closing are ……., while the ones for opening are ……..

A
  • temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

* lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, diagastric

46
Q

Muscles responsible for protrusion are ……, while for retruding are …….

A
  • lateral pterygoid

* posterior fibers of temporalis

47
Q

The buccal gingiva of the lower arch is innervated by …….

A

inf. alveolar nerve && long buccal nerve

48
Q

Saliva contains ………

A

water, Na, Ca, K, Cl, IgA, amylase, and mucopolysaccharide

49
Q

The salivary gland with the highest level of amylase secretion is ……..

A

the parotid gland

  • Amylase digest starch to maltose
  • Lowest amylase is in the sublingual gland
50
Q

The parotid gland opens in ……

A

near the Max. second molar (stensen duct)

51
Q

The sublingual gland empties through ……

It is innervated by ……..

A

about 20 ducts (plica sublingualis)

  • preganglionic through chorda tympani, which synapse in submandibular ganglion, then the post ganglionic fibers innervates the gland
  • The submandibular gland receives the same innervation
52
Q

The …….. produces the highest volume of saliva.

A

submandibular

  • It is about half the size of the parotid
  • Opens in whartons duct (sublingual papilla)
53
Q

In mixed salivary glands, the mucus secreting cells are ……., while the serous cells are …..

A

close to duct opening
crescent like, surrounding the mucus cells
* Note that: myoepithelial cells help force the secretion out. They are located between the secretory cells and the basal lamina

54
Q

The striated ducts are composed of ……, the striation is from ……

A

columnar epithelium
mitochondria in rows

  • Note that: striated duct transfers secretion to interlobular duct.
55
Q

Intercalated ducts are ……..

A

small ducts, transfer secretion from acini to the striated ducts

  • Has low simple cuboidal cells
  • Found in both pancreas and salivary glands
56
Q

The function of the intercalated ducts & the striated ducts is ……

A

modify salivary fluid by secreting HCO3- and K+ and reabsorbing Na+ and Cl- using the Na-K pump and the Cl-HCO3 pump

57
Q

What is the type of secretion for each of the following minor glands ..

  1. Von Ebner
  2. Blandin/Nuhn
  3. Buccal & labial
  4. Palatine & glossopalatine
A
  1. serous (surround the circumvallet papillae)
  2. mixed (at tip of tongue)
  3. mixed
  4. mucous

Dental Anatomy (14 decks)

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