The periodontium Flashcards
The periodontium can be divided into ……… & …….
- gingival unit
2. attachment appartus
The gingival unit consists of …..
- free gingiva
- attached gingiva
- alveolar mucosa
* This unit includes both masticatory mucosa & lining mucosa
The masticatory mucosa is found in …..
free gingiva, attached gingiva, dorsum of tongue, hard palate
- The lining mucosa is found elsewhere
- See p. 754 if not clear
Normally, the free gingiva measures about ….. in height
3 mm
The form of interproximal papilla depends on ……
the size & shape of the embrasure, and the contact area
The ……… is above the mucogingival junction, while the ……… is below it
- attached gingiva (width varies from area to another)
* alveolar mucosa (red because of thin epithelium)
The attachment apparatus consists of ……
the alveolar bone, the cementum & the collagen fiber attachments
Alveolar bone is composed of ……..
compact bone plates with inner trabecular bone.
- Also called cribriform plate. It is pierce by vessels
- If the bone is attached to Sharpey’s fibers, it is called bundle bone
The normal level of the alveolar bone is …..
1 mm below the cervical line
The origin of the principle fibers is ….
the cementum
- The cementum is similar to bone
- Sharpey’s fibers are the terminal ends of the principal fibers that insert into the cementum & periosteum
Principal fibers are classified into:
(non Sharpey’s fibers) …….
- Dentogingival: from cementum to free gingiva
- Dentoperiosteal: from cementum, over alveolar crest to mucoperiosteum of attached gingiva
- Transseptal: from cementum to cementum of adjacent tooth
- Circular fibers: not attached to cementum, run in free gingiva around the tooth in circles
The periodontal fiber group is classified into ….
- Alveolar crestal: from supra alveolar cementum to alveolar crest
- Horizontal
- Oblique (largest group, run obliquely coronally to alveolar bone)
- apical
The PDL doesn’t have a uniform width. The widest group is at ……….
the cervical and apical areas
* Thinnest group at the middle
PDL attaches the tooth to ……. and is continuous with ……
alveolar bone
gingival CT
What are the functions of the PDL??
- Formation of osteoblast, fibroblast & cementoblast
- Maintain tooth position
- Sensory
- Nutrition (good blood supply)
PDL is derived from …….
mesoderm
* PDL is directly derived from dental sac
What are the sources of blood supply to the PDL?
- Major source: periosteum
- Minor source: gingival vessels
- Arteries of periapical area (going to the pulp)
* Lymph follow the blood route. Runs toward the alveolar bone
* Nerves follow the blood route.
Malassez epithelial rests are ………
remnants of epithelial root sheath of Hertwig. Found in the PDL
* May undergo calcification, forming cementicles, or may form granuloma & cysts
What happens to the PDL in loss of function?
- Becomes narrow, thin & arrangement of fibers is lost
2. Cementum thickens (hypercementosis)
What happens to the PDL in occlusal trauma?
- PDL widens
- Alveolar bone reabsorbed
- Tooth becomes loose
* If the trauma is removed, healing may occur
Alveolar processes support ……..
the sockets of the teeth
* There are no boundaries between the process & the jaw
The alveolar process consists of ……..
- Alveolar bone proper (lamellar bone): surrounds the root, and give attachment to PDL
- Supporting alveolar bone: surrounds the alveolar bone proper
The supporting alveolar bone consists of ….
- cortical bone
2. spongy bone
Hemopoietic marrow could be found in …..
angle of the mandible, condylar process, maxillary tuberosity
Swallowing is broken down into three phases …., …. ,,…..
- Voluntary
- Pharyngeal
- Esophageal
Explain the voluntary phase of deglutition
- Lips seal
- Soft palate raised to seal the nasal cavity
- Mandible is stabilized by masseter, medial pterygoid & temporalis. Teeth may contact here
- Tongue propels bolus into the pharynx
What is the origin & insertion of the temporalis muscle?
Origin: lateral surface of temporal
Insertion: after passing below the zygomatic arch, insertion is at the coronoid process
* Anterior & middle sections elevate the mandible. posterior section retracts it
What is the origin & insertion of the masseter muscle?
Origin: zygomatic arch
Insertion: lateral side of the angle of mandible
Function: elevates the mandible
What is the origin & insertion of the medial pterygoid muscle?
Origin: medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate, the pyramidal process of palatine & tubercle of maxilla (tuberosity)
Insertion: medial side of the angle of mandible
Function: elevates the mandible
Contraction of the left lateral pterygoid causes ……
mandible to move anteriorly and laterally (to the right)
The masseteric sling consists of …….. & ……
medial pterygoid (medially) & masseter (laterally) * They support the mandible and provides powerful closing action
V3 innervates ……
All four muscles of mastication, plus, tensor tympani, mylohyoid, tensor veli palatini, and ant. digastric
The lateral surface of the medial pterygoid muscle contacts ……..
the parotid gland, inferior alveolar nerve & artery, lingual nerve & chorda tympani
The major jaw opener is …….., and it is assisted by ……..
lateral pterygoid
* mylohyoid, diagastric, geniohyoid
The insertion of the ant. diagastric is ……., and the origin of the posterior is ……..
diagastric fossa of the mandible
mastoid process
* They both insert into the trochlea of hyoid bone
The function of the diagastric muscle is ……
depression (open) and retraction of the mandible
The mylohyoid muscle arise from ……, and joins in …..
Its function is ……
mylohyoid line
mylohyoid raphe (connected to the hyoid bone)
* Function is depressing the mandible
The origin of the geniohyoid is …….., and insertion is ……. . It is innervated by ……, and its function is …….
hyoid bone
midline of the mandible
C1 through hypoglossal N.
depress and retract the mandible
The pterygoid hamulus is ……..
a hook like process from medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid
The pterygomandibular raphe is ……..
It gives rise to ………
a fibrous seam, extending from the pterygoid hamulus to the mylohyoid line
* it gives rise to superior pharyngeal constrictor & the buccinator
The pharyngeal raphe is ……
It gives attachment to ……….
the joining of the pharyngeal wall posteriorly in the midline. It extends to level of C6
* Attachment to all pharyngeal constrictors (Note: all innervated by CN X)
The Superior pharyngeal constrictor origin is ……
pterygomandibular raphe, the pharyngeal raphe, and occipital bone
* Insertion is the mylohyoid line
The middle pharyngeal constrictor origin is …
the pharyngeal raphe, hyoid bone and the stylohyoid ligament
The inferior pharyngeal constrictor origin is …..
pharyngeal raphe, thyroid & cricoid cartilage
Muscles responsible for closing are ……., while the ones for opening are ……..
- temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid
* lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, diagastric
Muscles responsible for protrusion are ……, while for retruding are …….
- lateral pterygoid
* posterior fibers of temporalis
The buccal gingiva of the lower arch is innervated by …….
inf. alveolar nerve && long buccal nerve
Saliva contains ………
water, Na, Ca, K, Cl, IgA, amylase, and mucopolysaccharide
The salivary gland with the highest level of amylase secretion is ……..
the parotid gland
- Amylase digest starch to maltose
- Lowest amylase is in the sublingual gland
The parotid gland opens in ……
near the Max. second molar (stensen duct)
The sublingual gland empties through ……
It is innervated by ……..
about 20 ducts (plica sublingualis)
- preganglionic through chorda tympani, which synapse in submandibular ganglion, then the post ganglionic fibers innervates the gland
- The submandibular gland receives the same innervation
The …….. produces the highest volume of saliva.
submandibular
- It is about half the size of the parotid
- Opens in whartons duct (sublingual papilla)
In mixed salivary glands, the mucus secreting cells are ……., while the serous cells are …..
close to duct opening
crescent like, surrounding the mucus cells
* Note that: myoepithelial cells help force the secretion out. They are located between the secretory cells and the basal lamina
The striated ducts are composed of ……, the striation is from ……
columnar epithelium
mitochondria in rows
- Note that: striated duct transfers secretion to interlobular duct.
Intercalated ducts are ……..
small ducts, transfer secretion from acini to the striated ducts
- Has low simple cuboidal cells
- Found in both pancreas and salivary glands
The function of the intercalated ducts & the striated ducts is ……
modify salivary fluid by secreting HCO3- and K+ and reabsorbing Na+ and Cl- using the Na-K pump and the Cl-HCO3 pump
What is the type of secretion for each of the following minor glands ..
- Von Ebner
- Blandin/Nuhn
- Buccal & labial
- Palatine & glossopalatine
- serous (surround the circumvallet papillae)
- mixed (at tip of tongue)
- mixed
- mucous
