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Sem 1 Year 2 > The Patient > Flashcards

The Patient Flashcards

1
Q

Excitable cells

A 
Neurones
Skeletal
Cardiac
Some smooth muscle
Some endocrine cells
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2
Q

Non-excitable cells

A

Fibroblasts
Epithelial
Adipocytes
Blood cells

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3
Q

Total peripheral resistance equation

A

(Mean arterial pressure-right aterial pressure)/cardiac output

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4
Q

Who developed chemo

A

Paul Erlich

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5
Q

What was first developed for sleeping sickness but why wasn’t it used

A

Atoxyl

It was toxic

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6
Q

What was developed from atoxyl

A

666-Salvarsan

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7
Q

Angina drug treatments

A

First line - aspirin, b blocker, calcium channel blocker

Second- nitrates, nicorandil, ivabradine,randazine

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8
Q

Beta blocker aims

A

Reduce CO
Reduce myocardial oxygen demand
Reduce heart rate (50-60bpm)
Reduce blood pressure

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9
Q

Calcium channel blocker names

A

Nifedipine
Amlodipine
Diltiazem
Verapamil

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10
Q

Initial heart attack treatment

A

Morphine 1-10mg

Antiemetic - cyclizine 50mg or metoclopramide 10mg
Oxygen - if sats less than 94
GTN
Aspirin 300mg

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11
Q

Nicotine can receptor agonists

A

Nicotine

Suxaethonium

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12
Q

Nicotinic receptor antagonists

A

Attacurium
Turbocurarine
Alpha bungarotoxin

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13
Q

What kinds of drugs act at the nicotinic receptor

A

Drugs for surgery

Drugs to treat nicotine addiction

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14
Q

Which kinds of drugs act at the muscarinic receptor

A

Antiemetics
Anti asthma
For eye exams
To treat glaucoma

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15
Q

VW Class 1

Target and examples

A

Targets sodium channels
Lidocaine
Flacainide
Disopyramide

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16
Q

VW Class 2

Target and Examples

A

Targets Beta 1 adrenoreceptor
Atenolol
Metoprolol
Propranolol

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17
Q

VW Class 3

Target and examples

A

Targets potassium channels
Amioderone
Soralol

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18
Q

VW Class 4

Target and examples

A

Targets Calcium channels
Verapamil
Diltiazem

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19
Q

Verapamil side effects

A 
Dangerous in ventricular dysrhythmia 
Cardiodepression
Hypotension
AV node block
Oedema 
Headache
Constipation
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20
Q

Amiodarone/ Sotalol side effects

A

Micro crystals in cornea - greater dazzling
Photo toxic reactions from microcrystals
Thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism due to structural similarity
Hepotoxicity
Diffuse pulmonary alveolitis, pneumonitis and fibrosis
Bradycardia and conduction disturbances

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21
Q

B blocker side effects

A 
Bronchoconstriction
Sudden cardiac failure/heart block
Hypoglycaemia 
Cold extremities
Vivid dreams
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22
Q

Ace inhibitor examples

A 
Captopril
Enalapril
Trandolapril
Ramipril
Lisinopril
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23
Q

Angiotensin 1 blocker examples

A

Losartan
Valsartsan
Candesartan

24
Q

Cell membrane potential definition

A

Voltage difference across the cell membrane between the interior and exterior of the cell

25
Q

Graded potential definition

A

Change in membrane potential that may or may not result in an AP

26
Q

Action potential

A

Large, rapid, reversible depolarization of the membrane

27
Q

What is automaticity

A

The ability of a tissue or organ to function without an external control

28
Q

What are the differences between muscle cells, pacemaker cells and conducting cells?

A

Muscle - specialized for contraction
Pacemaker- generate AP’s spontaneously and control rate of cardiac cycle
Conducting- transmit AP’s between areas of the heart

29
Q

What are conduction problems ABOVE the ventricles called?

A

Supraventricular

30
Q

What are conduction problems IN the ventricles called?

A

Ventricular arrhythmia

31
Q

What does a deep and wide QRS interval indicate?

A

myocardial infarction

32
Q

What does a notched QRS interval indicate?

A

Bundle block

33
Q

Name common heart rhythm problems

A 
Sinus tachycardia/bradycardia
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation
Torsade de Pointes:Fatal dysrhythmia
Heart block 
Myocardial infarction
34
Q

Describe Torsade de Pointes

A

QT long - no nice order

35
Q

Describe heart block

A

1st degree = Prolonged PQ interval
2nd degree = missed ventricular beats
3rd degree = P wave absent or disconnected from QRS

36
Q

Describe myocardial infarction

A

Abnormal Q wave
Lack of blood supply to ventricles
ST segment changes can indicate ischemic tissue

37
Q

What happens during cardiac fibrosis?

A

Cells not intact so AP can’t spread easily and instantly - gap junctions not intact

38
Q

What is the afterload and pre load of the heart?

A

Afterload - flow resistance to pump against

Preload- loading of heart, how far it has to stretch before contracting

39
Q

What is vascular smooth muscle tone?

A

The tension muscle has
Regulated by sympathetic nervous system and vasoactive mediators
Provides many drug targets

40
Q

What is compliance?

A

How easily a vessel stretches in response to an internal pressure
change in vol/change in pressure

41
Q

Do arteries have high or low compliance?

A

low

Thick walls of smooth muscle

42
Q

Do veins have high or low compliance?

A

High

Thin walls

43
Q

Total peripheral resistance equation and normal range

A

R= (MAP-RAP)/CO

0.2-4
HIGH PRESSURE HIGH RESISTANCE

44
Q

Total pulmonary resistance range

A

0.03-1 PRU

LOW PRESSURE LOW RESISTANCE

45
Q

What is the critical closing pressure?

A

Arterial pressure less then 20 mmHg

46
Q

What is the constriction of large veins called and what does this cause?

A

Venoconstriction
Lowers total vascular volume
Increases venous return (increases end diastole vol and stroke vol)

47
Q

What does systemic homeostatic blood control involve?

A

Set total flow rate (CO)
Adjust distribution to organs
Maintain stable flow conditions

48
Q

What does local homeostatic blood control involve?

A

Delivery of O2 and nutrients to meet local tissue demand
Removal of waste
Stable flow in all tissues

49
Q

What is hyperaemia? What are the two types?

A

An increase in local blood flow
Functional - after exercise/meal ect
Reactive - pathological - response to inflammation

50
Q

Which mechanism can directly adjust blood flow to meet its metabolic demands?

A

Pancrine mechanism

51
Q

Which receptors does adrenaline act on and what does it cause?

A

a1 in all smooth muscle = vasodilation

b2 on muscle cells of arterioles in cardiac and skeletal muscle = vasodilation

52
Q

What is the humoral control of vascular tone?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurone to chromaffin cells located in the adrenal medulla
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

53
Q

Role of erythrocytes

A

Glycolysis
Carbonic anhydrase-co2 transport
Package haemoglobin - 02 and co2 transport

54
Q

How is blood loss prevented?

A

Vascular spasm - vasoconstriction
Platelet plug
Blood coagulation
Fibrous tissue

55
Q

What are the three roles of lipids

A

Structural
Storage
Signalling

56
Q

Cholesterol ideals

A

Total:
healthy 5
High risk 4

LDL
3
2
HDL
more than 1

TG
less than 1.7

57
Q

Lipid lowering drugs and their action

A

Statins - block chol biosynthesis
Ezetimibe and resins - block chol absorption
PCSK9-increase LDLR expression
Nicotinic acid ect-reduce TG and cholesterol
Fibrates - Reduce high TG levels

Sem 1 Year 2 (4 decks)

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