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Sem 1 Year 2 > The Medicine > Flashcards

The Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of wavelengths

A 
Gamma
X
Uv
Visible
I fared
Micro
Radio
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2
Q

What are light waves

A

Moving electric and magnetic fields vibrating at 90 degrees to each other at the speed of light- energy from these electromagnetic fields makes the wave move

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3
Q

Three type of excitation of a molecule

A

Electronic
Vibrational
Rotational

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4
Q

Why is UV spectrum broad

A

Photons with slight difference in energy can still cause electronic transitions by exciting elections from the many vibrational states that corresponds to its energy

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5
Q

The three types of orbitals are:

A

Sigma
Pi
Non-bonding (n)

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6
Q

Uv absorption uses

A

Identification of drugs
Measuring reactions
Quantification of drugs

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7
Q

Bp limit for wavelength

A

Plus or minus 1nm for standard at a given wavelength

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8
Q

A269/A266 0.02% toluene resolution check B.P. limit

A

More than or equal to 1.5

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9
Q

BP limit for stray light 1.2% KCl solution against water

A

A>2 at 198nm

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10
Q

Bp limit for path length

A

Plus or minus 0.0005cm

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11
Q

Abs of solvent used against air at prescribed wavelength

A

Should not >0.4 and is preferably <0.2

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12
Q

3 rules of absorption process

A

Molecules excited to higher energy state (vibrational)

Absorption is quantisized

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13
Q

Absorption of IR for a given bond depends on:

A
  • Mass of atoms connected to the bond
  • Strength of the bond (double takes more energy to stretch)
  • Dipole moment
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14
Q

Suitable cells for IR - non aqueous samples

A

KBr
NaCl
CaF2
CsI

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15
Q

Suitable cells for IR - aqueous samples

A

AgCl
ZnS
Ge
Diamond

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16
Q

Applications of near IR

A 
Quality control
Particle size
Blend uniformity 
Identification of polymorphic drugs
Determination of moisture
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17
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging frequency and uses

A

50-300 MHz

Diagnostic imaging of soft tissue

18
Q

NMR spectroscopy frequency and uses

A

300-900 MHz

Compound ID and characterisation

19
Q

Ways to optimise solubility and membrane permeability

A

Vary alkyl substituents
Mask or remove polar groups
Adding new polar groups
Vary pka

20
Q

Ways to optimise drug stability

A

Steric shields
Electronic shields
Stereo electronic effects
Metabolic blockers
Remove/replace susceptible metabolic groups
Shifting susceptible metabolic groups
Introducing chemically susceptible groups

21
Q

Ways to use prodrugs

A 
Improve membrane permeability 
To prolong activity 
To mask toxicity and side effects
To lower water solubility
To increase water solubility 
To use target drugs
22
Q

Kinetic solubility of a drug is influenced by…

A

Formulation

23
Q

Thermodynamic solubility is…

A

An innate property of the molecule

24
Q

Hard sample extraction

A

Percolation/ decoction

25
Q

Soft sample extraction

A

Maceration

26
Q

Unstable to heat/highly volatile

A

Cold infusion- lyophilisation

27
Q

3 types of analytical error

A

Intermediate (random)
Determinate (systemic)
Gross error - big mistake

28
Q

Which enzymes do penicillins inhibit

A

Transpeptidase

29
Q

Irreversible inhibitor examples

A 
Nerve gases 
Penicillins
Disulfuram
Cephalosporins 
Orlistat
PPIs
30
Q

Reversible inhibitors

A 
Diuretics
ACE inhibitors 
Sulfonamides
Statins
Kinase inhibitors 
protease inhibitors
Antidepressants
31
Q

How are irreversible inhibitors likely to be destroyed

A

Hydrolysis
Direct reaction
De toxified
Enzyme catalysed

32
Q

What is a transgenic animal

A

Genetically modified

33
Q

What is the therapeutic ratio/index

A

Dose to produce desired effect in 50% or sample vs conc that is lethal to 50%

34
Q

How are samples volatised

A

Heat
Put in vacuum
Fast atom bombardment

35
Q

What happens during sample ionisation?

A

Bombardment of the volatised molecules with the electrons from the electron gun
Molecule ionisation so they can interact with charged plates
Plates accelerate the ionised molecules into the deflection chamber

36
Q

What are the tandem mass spec techniques

A

GC-MS
HPLC-MS or LC-MS
MS-MS

37
Q

The two types of NMR and their differences

A

MRI - 50-3000MHz, diagnostic imaging of soft tissues

NMR - 300-900MHz, compound ID And characterisation

38
Q

Infusion

A

Drug stood in hot or cold water for s short time

39
Q

Dedication

A

Extracte soluble constituents by simmering plant material in water for specified time

40
Q

Maceration

A

Prolonged infusion often in aqueous alcohol and a closed container

41
Q

Percolation

A

Maceration then flow of fresh solvents passing over ground material at a specified rate

42
Q

Continuous hot extraction

A

Treated infusion with hot solvent

Sem 1 Year 2 (4 decks)

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