The Medicine

Question 1

What is the order of wavelengths

Answer 1

Gamma
X
Uv
Visible
I fared
Micro
Radio

Question 2

What are light waves

Answer 2

Moving electric and magnetic fields vibrating at 90 degrees to each other at the speed of light- energy from these electromagnetic fields makes the wave move

Question 3

Three type of excitation of a molecule

Answer 3

Electronic
Vibrational
Rotational

Question 4

Why is UV spectrum broad

Answer 4

Photons with slight difference in energy can still cause electronic transitions by exciting elections from the many vibrational states that corresponds to its energy

Question 5

The three types of orbitals are:

Answer 5

Sigma
Pi
Non-bonding (n)

Question 6

Uv absorption uses

Answer 6

Identification of drugs
Measuring reactions
Quantification of drugs

Question 7

Bp limit for wavelength

Answer 7

Plus or minus 1nm for standard at a given wavelength

Question 8

A269/A266 0.02% toluene resolution check B.P. limit

Answer 8

More than or equal to 1.5

Question 9

BP limit for stray light 1.2% KCl solution against water

Answer 9

A>2 at 198nm

Question 10

Bp limit for path length

Answer 10

Plus or minus 0.0005cm

Question 11

Abs of solvent used against air at prescribed wavelength

Answer 11

Should not >0.4 and is preferably <0.2

Question 12

3 rules of absorption process

Answer 12

Molecules excited to higher energy state (vibrational)

Absorption is quantisized

Question 13

Absorption of IR for a given bond depends on:

Answer 13

• Mass of atoms connected to the bond
• Strength of the bond (double takes more energy to stretch)
• Dipole moment

Question 14

Suitable cells for IR - non aqueous samples

Answer 14

KBr
NaCl
CaF2
CsI

Question 15

Suitable cells for IR - aqueous samples

Answer 15

AgCl
ZnS
Ge
Diamond

Question 16

Applications of near IR

Answer 16

Quality control
Particle size
Blend uniformity 
Identification of polymorphic drugs
Determination of moisture

Question 17

Magnetic Resonance Imaging frequency and uses

Answer 17

50-300 MHz

Diagnostic imaging of soft tissue

Question 18

NMR spectroscopy frequency and uses

Answer 18

300-900 MHz

Compound ID and characterisation

Question 19

Ways to optimise solubility and membrane permeability

Answer 19

Vary alkyl substituents
Mask or remove polar groups
Adding new polar groups
Vary pka

Question 20

Ways to optimise drug stability

Answer 20

Steric shields
Electronic shields
Stereo electronic effects
Metabolic blockers
Remove/replace susceptible metabolic groups
Shifting susceptible metabolic groups
Introducing chemically susceptible groups

Question 21

Ways to use prodrugs

Answer 21

Improve membrane permeability 
To prolong activity 
To mask toxicity and side effects
To lower water solubility
To increase water solubility 
To use target drugs

Question 22

Kinetic solubility of a drug is influenced by…

Answer 22

Formulation

Question 23

Thermodynamic solubility is…

Answer 23

An innate property of the molecule

Question 24

Hard sample extraction

Answer 24

Percolation/ decoction

Question 25

Soft sample extraction

Answer 25

Maceration

Question 26

Unstable to heat/highly volatile

Answer 26

Cold infusion- lyophilisation

Question 27

3 types of analytical error

Answer 27

Intermediate (random) Determinate (systemic) Gross error - big mistake

Question 28

Which enzymes do penicillins inhibit

Answer 28

Transpeptidase

Question 29

Irreversible inhibitor examples

Answer 29

``` Nerve gases Penicillins Disulfuram Cephalosporins Orlistat PPIs ```

Question 30

Reversible inhibitors

Answer 30

``` Diuretics ACE inhibitors Sulfonamides Statins Kinase inhibitors protease inhibitors Antidepressants ```

Question 31

How are irreversible inhibitors likely to be destroyed

Answer 31

Hydrolysis Direct reaction De toxified Enzyme catalysed

Question 32

What is a transgenic animal

Answer 32

Genetically modified

Question 33

What is the therapeutic ratio/index

Answer 33

Dose to produce desired effect in 50% or sample vs conc that is lethal to 50%

Question 34

How are samples volatised

Answer 34

Heat Put in vacuum Fast atom bombardment

Question 35

What happens during sample ionisation?

Answer 35

Bombardment of the volatised molecules with the electrons from the electron gun Molecule ionisation so they can interact with charged plates Plates accelerate the ionised molecules into the deflection chamber

Question 36

What are the tandem mass spec techniques

Answer 36

GC-MS HPLC-MS or LC-MS MS-MS

Question 37

The two types of NMR and their differences

Answer 37

MRI - 50-3000MHz, diagnostic imaging of soft tissues | NMR - 300-900MHz, compound ID And characterisation

Question 38

Infusion

Answer 38

Drug stood in hot or cold water for s short time

Question 39

Dedication

Answer 39

Extracte soluble constituents by simmering plant material in water for specified time

Question 40

Maceration

Answer 40

Prolonged infusion often in aqueous alcohol and a closed container

Question 41

Percolation

Answer 41

Maceration then flow of fresh solvents passing over ground material at a specified rate

Question 42

Continuous hot extraction

Answer 42

Treated infusion with hot solvent