The Particulate Nature of Matter Flashcards
does gas and liquid have a fixed shape?
no, only solid have fixed shapes
describe the movement of particles in liquids?
particles slide past each other
describe the movement of particles in gases?
particles move rapidly and randomly
what are the states of matter?
solid, liquid and gas
describe the movement of particles in a solid?
particles vibrate about a fixed position
describe the arrangement of particles in a liquid?
- closely packed
- disorderly manner
https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.AxYNKAX_FJcxiDYXxZk31QHaD2&pid=Api&P=0&h=180
describe the arrangement of particles in a solid
- very closely packed
- orderly manner
https://tse4.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.AxYNKAX_FJcxiDYXxZk31QHaD2&pid=Api&P=0&h=180
describe the arrangement of particles in a gas?
- disorderly
- very far apart
attractive forces between particles of a solid?
very strong
attractive forces between particles of a liquid
strong
attractive forces between particles in a gas
very weak
Guidelines to draw particles
- At least 75% of space should be covered
- At least 9 particles drawn (for solid & liquid states)
- Minimum 3 for gaseous state
- All particles are to be of the same size
- Space between any 2 particles should be smaller than the size of 1 particle
What is the relative charge and mass of a proton?
relative charge: +1
relative mass: 1
What is the relative charge and mass of a Neutron?
relative charge: 0
relative mass: 1
What is the relative charge and mass of a Electron?
relative charge: -1
relative mass: 1/1840
What is sublimation?
We can define sublimation as the transition of a substance from the solid phase to the gaseous phase without changing into the liquid phase.
define proton (atomic) number
The number of protons in the atom
Define mass number/Nucleon Number
The total number of protons and neutrons in the atom.
What do you notice about the number of protons and electrons
The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons
What are the electrons in the outermost shell called?
Valance electrons
define the term isotopes
Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different number of neutrons.
Describe how a magnesium
atom forms a magnesium ion.
Hint: how to make to stable electronic configuration?
Electronic structure of magnesium is 2.8.2.
It will lose 2 electrons Ion to form Mg2+ ion and obtain stable electronic configuration
Ionic Equation Mg Mg2+ + 2e-
What are noble gases?
Noble gas: group 0 ,
monoatomic gas ,
stable electronic configuration
Do metals gain or lose electrons?
hint: picture the periodic table in ur head, how to make metals stable?
metals lose electrons
Do non-metals gain or lose electrons?
hint: picture the periodic table in ur head, how to make metals stable?
gain electrons
What is an ionic bond?
It is formed by transfer of electrons from metal to non metal
What is covalent bond?
Sharing of electrons between non metals
How is the bond in sodium chloride formed? (use this structure to do other similar qns)
Electronic configuration > Electronic configuration of sodium is 2.8.1
and chlorine is 2.8.7.
Process > Sodium atom will transfer 1 valence electron and the Chlorine atom will gain 1 electron
Ion > Sodium will form +1 charge and chloride ion -1 charge
Reason> To obtain stable electronic configuration
MUST KNOW covalent structures!
- water
- Ammonia
- Carbon Dioxide
- Methane
note to self: add in picture from pg 5 chapter 10 bonding
When to draw ionic compound?
When metal and non-metal transfer electrons
when to draw covalent compound?
when non-metal and non-metal shares electrons
What are the physical properties of ionic compound?
- Ionic bonds are formed by transfer of
electrons from metals to non metal - Metal atoms tend to lose electrons to form positive ions. (cations)
- Non-metal atoms tend to gain electrons to form negative ions. (anions)
properties of Ionic compounds
- High melting and boiling point
Structure > Giant lattice structure
Attraction > Strong electrostatic forces of attraction between
Particles >Opposite charged ions
Energy > More energy needed to
break these forces
Properties of Covalent compound
- Low melting and boiling point
Structure >Simple molecular structure
Attraction >Weak intermolecular forces
of attraction between
Particles> molecules
Energy>Less energy needed to
break these forces
State of ionic compound at room temp.
Solids at room temp.
State of covalent compound at room temp.
usually exist as gases or liquids at
room temperature
Solubility of Ionic compounds
- soluble in water
- insoluble in organic solvent
eg. Oil, alcohol
Solubility of Covalent compounds
- soluble in organic solvent
- insoluble in water
Electrical Conductivity of ionic compounds
In molten and aqueous states
Reason:
Mobile ions are present as able to move and carry electric current
Electrical Conductivity of covalent compounds
Does not conduct electricity in any state
Reason:
No mobile ions to carry electric current
Why are ionic compounds unable to conduct electricity in a solid state?
Ions are held in fixed positions in a giant ionic lattice structure and unable to move
Covalent compounds cannot conduct electricity in any state, but there are Exceptions
Hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid.
In aqueous state, ions are able to move &
carry electric current
Equation: HCl (aq) >H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)
Using structure and bonding, explain why the melting point of sodium chloride
(ionic compound) is higher than chlorine gas (covalent compound)?
hint: use SAPE to answer the qn
Sodium chloride has giant lattice structure (S) with strong electrostatic forces of attraction between (A) opposite charged ions (P) More energy needed to break these forces (E). Chlorine has has simple molecular structure (S) weak intermolecular forces of attraction between(A) molecules (P). Less energy needed to break these forces.(E)
