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Tissues of the Body > The pancreas, salivary, and mammory glands > Flashcards

The pancreas, salivary, and mammory glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the pancreatic exocrine subcategories ?

A

Pancreatic acini
Pancreatic acinar cells
Duct system

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2
Q

What are pancreatic acini ?

A

They are serious acini - secrete a thin fluid rich in pancreatic digestive enzymes.

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3
Q

How do acini cells appear?

A

Their nuclei in the center of the acini.
They represent the beginning of the ducts.

No myoepthethelial cels around the acini.

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4
Q

What are pancreatic acinar cells?

A

Pyramidal in shape. Nuclei are basal.

Cytoplasm ; basal due to part basophillic. - due to abundant RER

apical part acidophilus - due to secretory granules

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5
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas duct system?

A

Centroacinar cells

Intercalated ducts - low cuboidal
Intrlobular ducts - not prominent
Interlobular ducts

Main pancreatic duct

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6
Q

What are the islets of langergans?

A

Pale staining spherical collections of endocrine cells, scattered among the acini.

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7
Q

The islets of langerhans are richly vascularised by what?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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8
Q

What is each islets surrounded by?

A

Reticular fibres

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9
Q

How many islets in a human pancreas ?

A

1million

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10
Q

Where are majority of islets located ?

A

Tail of pancreas

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11
Q

What are the different cells of the islets?

A

B cells
A cells
D cells
G cells
Pp cells

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12
Q

What is the function of B cells?

A

Secrete insulin which lowers blood sugar.

Constitute 70% of Islet cells

Concentrated in islet center

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13
Q

Function of A cells ? Islets

A

Secrete glucagon which increases blood sugar.

15-20% of Islet periphery.
Tightly packed and more dense granules.

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14
Q

D CELLS function?

A

Secrete somatostatin which lowers the release of hormones from endocrine pancreas and enzymes from exocrine pancreas.

5-10%, scattered throughout islet
Less dense than a and b

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15
Q

Function of G cells?

A

Secrete Gastrin which increases the production of Hcl by the parietal cells of the stomach.

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16
Q

PP CELLS function?

A

Secrete pancreatic polypeptide which lowers exocrine sections from the pancreas.
1% of islet cells
Scattered

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17
Q

What are the major salivary glands ?

A

Paratid
Submandibular
Sublingual

18
Q

Minor salivary glands

A

Labial (lips)
Lingual (tongue)
Buccal (cheek)
Palatine (palate)

-> produce 5% of salivary output
Most are pure mucous or seromucus glands.

19
Q

General structure of salivary glands

A

Stroma - CT capsule, CT septa, Reticular CT

Parenchyma - Ancini, duct system

20
Q

3 types of salivary acini

A

Serous acini
Mucous acini
Mucoserous acini

21
Q

What are serous acini ?

A

Secrete serous secretion - thin fluid rich in enzymes such as amylase and lysozyme (antibodies to pathogens)

Only contain serous cells
Small spherical with a narrow lumen

22
Q

What are mucous acini?

A

Contain only mucous cells
Larger more tubular with a wider lumen.

Secrete mucous secretion - thick Viscid secretion and rich in mucin

23
Q

What are mucoserous acini?

A

Mucous acini with a cap of serous cells. Called serous demilunes

24
Q

What are the shape of the serous cells?

A

Pyramidal, nuclei round and basal.

Cytoplasm is deeply basophillic due to (numerous RER)

Apical acidophilic secretory granules (rich is salivary amylase)

25
Q

The mucous cells structure?

A

Pyramidal or cuboidal
Nuclei are flattened

Cytoplasm is pale basophilic and vacuolated due to dissolved my Oo feb secretory granules.

26
Q

Myoepithelial cells:

A

Contractile cells that embrace the basal aspect of the acini

Their contraction relaseases the secretion into the duct system.

27
Q

3 ducts of the salivary glands

A

Intralobular ducts
Interlobular ducts
Main duct

28
Q

What is the Interlobular duct

A

Lined by simple columnar epithelium

29
Q

What is the intralobular duct ?

A

Intercalated ducts : lined by small cuboidal cells

Striated ducts : formed by union of 2 intercalated ducts (striated due to mitochondria)

Lined by low columnar cells - also called the secretory duct because it can change the ion concentration of saliva due to the presence of the ion transporters.

30
Q

Main duct of the salivary gland

A

Lined by statrifed columnar epithelium which becomes stratified squamous in the distal end.

31
Q

What are the 3 main salivary glands

A

Parotid gland
Submandibular gland
Sublingual gland

32
Q

What is the parotid gland

A

Largest gland
Produces 30% salivary output
Purely serous
Prominent Interlobular ducts
Rich section - amylase , lactoferrin, lysozyme, secretory igA

33
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Produces 60% of salivary output
Mixed but mostly serous (90%)

Produces alpha amylase and lysozyme

Mainly contains Mucous acini which are capped by serous demilunes.

34
Q

Sublingual gland

A

Smallest
5% of output
Mostly mucous
Mucous acini are capped by serous demilunes

35
Q

What does ingestion of food do?

A

Stimulates the release of saliva via parasympathetic innervation.

36
Q

What causes dry mouth?

A

Strong sympathetic innervation (xerostomia)

37
Q

What gland is the mammory gland ?

A

Compound tubulocinar gland

38
Q

What cells assist the secretion of milk from acini

A

Myoepithelial cells

39
Q

What is let down?

A

Contraction of Myoepithelial cells under control of oxytocin

40
Q

Apocrine secretion in the mammory gland

A

Non membrane bound lipid pushes through the plasmalemma. Covering droplets with membrane and a thin layer of apical cytoplasm.

Membrane becomes transiently smaller needed information addition of extreme membrane

Other milk constituents; lactose proteins and minerals are released by merocrine secretion

Tissues of the Body (8 decks)

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