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Haematopoesis Flashcards

1
Q

Erythropoesis process

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
    1. Myeloid stem cell
    2. Progenitor cell
    3. Proerythroblast
    4. Early / Basophilic Erythroblast
    5. Polychromatophilic erythroblast
      7.Orthochromatophillic erythroblast
    6. Reticulocyte (nucleus ejected)
      ERYTHROCYTE
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2
Q

RBC shape

A
  • Flexible biconcave discs
  • Diameter of ~7.2 μm
    twice the diameter of the narrowest capillaries
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3
Q

Maturation of RBCS

A
  • Mature from Reticulocytes -> bigger than RBCs, a higher % can indicate anaemia

Lifespan: 120 days

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4
Q

Contents of RBCS

A
  • No nucleus
    Densely filled with haemoglobin each RBC has 270M Hb molecules
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5
Q

Control of Erythropoiesis:

A
  • Hypoxia: caused by low RBC count and low Hb
    • EPO release by the kidneys
    • erythropoietin (EPO). EPO is produced naturally in the body, mostly by the kidneys. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
    • Bone marrow stimulation by EPO
      Increased RBC production which increases blood oxygen
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6
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders - Haemoglobinopathies

A

Haemoglobinopathies
such as sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia

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7
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders - Low Red Blood Cell Count

A
  • Iron Deficiency Anaemia
  • Pernicious Anaemia
    Aplastic Anaemia
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8
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders - Cytoskeletal Abnormalities

A
  • Spherocytosis
  • Elliptocytosis
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9
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders - High Red Blood Cell Count

A

Polycythaemia

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10
Q

Thrombopoiesis - (Platelet Formation):

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
    1. Myeloid stem cell
    2. Progenitor cell
    3. Megakaryoblast
    4. Promegakaryocyte(Thrombopoietin)
    5. Megakaryocyte (Thrombopoietin)
    6. Platelets (Thrombopoietin)
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11
Q

Thrombopoietin (THPO)

A

Thrombopoietin (THPO) also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene.

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12
Q

Shape of Platelets

A

Discoid shaped cell fragments Diameter of ~2-3 μm

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13
Q

Maturation of Platlets

A

Bud off from large Megakaryocytes Lifespan: 8-12 days

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14
Q

function of platlets

A
  • Support formation of blood clots and vessel wall repair
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15
Q

Contents of platelets

A
  • No nucleus
    Clotting factors
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16
Q

Platelet Disorders - * Thrombocythemia

A

Essential Thrombocythemia

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17
Q

Platelet Disorders -Thrombocytopaenia

A
  • Gestational Thrombocytopaenia
  • Immune Thrombocytopaenia
    Antiphospholipid Syndrome
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18
Q

Platelet Dysfunction Disorders

A

Von Villebrand Disease

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18
Q

location of eosinophils

A
  • Produced in bone marrow
    Found in connective tissue -
    Especially in Thymus, GI tract, Spleen, Lymph nodes, Ovaries, Uterus, Lungs (in Asthmatics)
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18
Q

immune - Eosinophils

A

are a type of white blood cell that protect your body from parasites, allergens, foreign bacteria and outside organisms.

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18
Q

Eosinophils

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
    1. Myeloid stem cell
    2. Progenitor cell
    3. Myeloblast
    4. Promyeloblast
    5. Eosinophilic myelocyte
    6. Eosinophilic metamyelocyte
      -> Eosinophil
19
Q

Immune actions eosinophills

A
  • Allergic reactions asthma, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis
    parasitic (helminth) infections
20
Q

Cellular Actions eosinophills

A
  • degranulation
    Phagocytosis less commonly trigger mast cell histamine release production of inflammatory mediators
21
Q

Basophils are a

A

a type of white blood cell that works closely with your immune system to defend your body from allergens, pathogens and parasites. Basophils release enzymes to improve blood flow and prevent blood clots.

22
stem cell to basophil
1. Pluripotent stem cell 2. Myeloid stem cell 3. Progenitor cell 4. Myeloblast 5. Promyeloblast 6. Basophilic myelocyte 7. Basophilic metamyelocyte 8. Basophil
23
location of basophils
Produced in bone marrow found in tissue
24
immune actions of basophils
* Allergic reactions asthma, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis parasitic (helminth) infections viral infections
25
cellular actions of basophils
* Degranulation Phagocytosis less commonly Production of inflammatory mediators
26
Neutrophils
a type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection. When microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, enter the body, neutrophils are one of the first immune cells to respond.
27
location of neutrophils
produced in the bone marrow travel to tissue and lymph nodes
28
stem cell to neutrophil
1. Pluripotent stem cell 2. Myeloid stem cell 3. Progenitor cell 4. Myeloblast 5. Promyeloblast 6. Neutrophilic myelocyte 7. Neutrophilic metamyelocyte Neutrophil
29
immune actions of neutrophils
* Innate response to pathogens first cells to reach site of inflammation * Interface with adaptive immune response travel to lymph nodes as antigen-presenting cells
30
cellular actions of Neutrophils
* Phagocytosis * Degranulation * Antigen presentation Production of inflammatory mediators
31
Neutrophilia disorders
Leukaemia (various types) Polycythaemia Vera Infection Autoimmune Diseases
32
Neutropoenia Disorders
Neutropoenia Disorders Neutropoenia Leukaemia (various types) Medication (Chemotherapy) Infection Autoimmune Diseases
33
Mast cells location
* circulate in blood as immature mast cell progenitors * produced in bone marrow mature when recruited into tissue
34
Immune Actions mast cells
* allergic reactions asthma, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis parasitic (helminth) infections viral infections
35
Cellular Actions mast cells
degranulation phagocytosis less commonly production of inflammatory mediators
36
Eosinophilic Disorders
Asthma Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) Eczema
37
Mast Cell Disorders
Mast Cell Disorders Mastocytosis Mast Cell Activation Syndrome
38
Natural killer cells - location
produced in bone marrow and also in lymph nodes, thymus, liver and uterus circulate in blood
39
immune actions killer cells
eliminate virally infected cells and tumour cells clearance of senescent cells tumour cell surveillance
40
cellular actions natural killer cells
degranulation production of inflammatory mediators
41
B-Lymphocytes Location
* mature in Bone marrow circulate between secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes) in search of antigens
42
B-Lymphocytes immune actions
Immune Actions * adaptive immune response
43
cellular actions of B lymphocytes
differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies differentiate into memory cells (which live for many years)
44
T-Lymphocytes location
Location * originate in bone marrow, mature in Thymus and spleen circulate between secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes) in search of antigens
45
immune actions T lymphocytes
Immune Actions * adaptive immune
46
Cellular Actions - T lymphocytes
* CD4+ (T-helper) cells CD8+ (T-cytotoxic) cells * response proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells * activate macrophages * apoptosis in virally-infected cells by punching holes in the plasma membrane with perforin and injecting granzymes
47
B- and T-Lymphocyte Disorders
B-Lymphocyte Disorders * Lymphomas Leukaemia T-Lymphocyte Disorders Lymphomas Leukaemia

Tissues of the Body (8 decks)

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