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Tissues of the Body > Haematopoesis > Flashcards

Haematopoesis Flashcards

1
Q

Erythropoesis process

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
    1. Myeloid stem cell
    2. Progenitor cell
    3. Proerythroblast
    4. Early / Basophilic Erythroblast
    5. Polychromatophilic erythroblast
      7.Orthochromatophillic erythroblast
    6. Reticulocyte (nucleus ejected)
      ERYTHROCYTE
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2
Q

RBC shape

A
  • Flexible biconcave discs
  • Diameter of ~7.2 μm
    twice the diameter of the narrowest capillaries
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3
Q

Maturation of RBCS

A
  • Mature from Reticulocytes -> bigger than RBCs, a higher % can indicate anaemia

Lifespan: 120 days

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4
Q

Contents of RBCS

A
  • No nucleus
    Densely filled with haemoglobin each RBC has 270M Hb molecules
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5
Q

Control of Erythropoiesis:

A
  • Hypoxia: caused by low RBC count and low Hb
    • EPO release by the kidneys
    • erythropoietin (EPO). EPO is produced naturally in the body, mostly by the kidneys. It stimulates the bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
    • Bone marrow stimulation by EPO
      Increased RBC production which increases blood oxygen
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6
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders - Haemoglobinopathies

A

Haemoglobinopathies
such as sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia

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7
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders - Low Red Blood Cell Count

A
  • Iron Deficiency Anaemia
  • Pernicious Anaemia
    Aplastic Anaemia
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8
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders - Cytoskeletal Abnormalities

A
  • Spherocytosis
  • Elliptocytosis
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9
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders - High Red Blood Cell Count

A

Polycythaemia

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10
Q

Thrombopoiesis - (Platelet Formation):

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
    1. Myeloid stem cell
    2. Progenitor cell
    3. Megakaryoblast
    4. Promegakaryocyte(Thrombopoietin)
    5. Megakaryocyte (Thrombopoietin)
    6. Platelets (Thrombopoietin)
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11
Q

Thrombopoietin (THPO)

A

Thrombopoietin (THPO) also known as megakaryocyte growth and development factor (MGDF) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the THPO gene.

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12
Q

Shape of Platelets

A

Discoid shaped cell fragments Diameter of ~2-3 μm

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13
Q

Maturation of Platlets

A

Bud off from large Megakaryocytes Lifespan: 8-12 days

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14
Q

function of platlets

A
  • Support formation of blood clots and vessel wall repair
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15
Q

Contents of platelets

A
  • No nucleus
    Clotting factors
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16
Q

Platelet Disorders - * Thrombocythemia

A

Essential Thrombocythemia

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17
Q

Platelet Disorders -Thrombocytopaenia

A
  • Gestational Thrombocytopaenia
  • Immune Thrombocytopaenia
    Antiphospholipid Syndrome
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18
Q

Platelet Dysfunction Disorders

A

Von Villebrand Disease

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18
Q

location of eosinophils

A
  • Produced in bone marrow
    Found in connective tissue -
    Especially in Thymus, GI tract, Spleen, Lymph nodes, Ovaries, Uterus, Lungs (in Asthmatics)
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18
Q

immune - Eosinophils

A

are a type of white blood cell that protect your body from parasites, allergens, foreign bacteria and outside organisms.

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18
Q

Eosinophils

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
    1. Myeloid stem cell
    2. Progenitor cell
    3. Myeloblast
    4. Promyeloblast
    5. Eosinophilic myelocyte
    6. Eosinophilic metamyelocyte
      -> Eosinophil
19
Q

Immune actions eosinophills

A
  • Allergic reactions asthma, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis
    parasitic (helminth) infections
20
Q

Cellular Actions eosinophills

A
  • degranulation
    Phagocytosis less commonly trigger mast cell histamine release production of inflammatory mediators
21
Q

Basophils are a

A

a type of white blood cell that works closely with your immune system to defend your body from allergens, pathogens and parasites. Basophils release enzymes to improve blood flow and prevent blood clots.

22
Q

stem cell to basophil

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
    1. Myeloid stem cell
    2. Progenitor cell
    3. Myeloblast
    4. Promyeloblast
    5. Basophilic myelocyte
    6. Basophilic metamyelocyte
    7. Basophil
23
Q

location of basophils

A

Produced in bone marrow found in tissue

24
Q

immune actions of basophils

A
  • Allergic reactions asthma, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis
    parasitic (helminth) infections viral infections
25
Q

cellular actions of basophils

A
  • Degranulation
    Phagocytosis less commonly

Production of inflammatory mediators

26
Q

Neutrophils

A

a type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection. When microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, enter the body, neutrophils are one of the first immune cells to respond.

27
Q

location of neutrophils

A

produced in the bone marrow

travel to tissue and lymph nodes

28
Q

stem cell to neutrophil

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
    1. Myeloid stem cell
    2. Progenitor cell
    3. Myeloblast
    4. Promyeloblast
    5. Neutrophilic myelocyte
    6. Neutrophilic metamyelocyte
      Neutrophil
29
Q

immune actions of neutrophils

A
  • Innate response to pathogens first cells to reach site of inflammation
  • Interface with adaptive immune response travel to lymph nodes as antigen-presenting cells
30
Q

cellular actions of Neutrophils

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Degranulation
  • Antigen presentation
    Production of inflammatory mediators
31
Q

Neutrophilia disorders

A

Leukaemia (various types)
Polycythaemia Vera
Infection
Autoimmune Diseases

32
Q

Neutropoenia Disorders

A

Neutropoenia Disorders

Neutropoenia
Leukaemia (various types)
Medication (Chemotherapy)
Infection
Autoimmune Diseases

33
Q

Mast cells location

A
  • circulate in blood as immature mast cell progenitors
  • produced in bone marrow
    mature when recruited into tissue
34
Q

Immune Actions mast cells

A
  • allergic reactions asthma, allergic rhinitis, dermatitis
    parasitic (helminth) infections viral infections
35
Q

Cellular Actions mast cells

A

degranulation
phagocytosis

less commonly
production of inflammatory mediators

36
Q

Eosinophilic Disorders

A

Asthma
Allergic Rhinitis (Hay Fever) Eczema

37
Q

Mast Cell Disorders

A

Mast Cell Disorders
Mastocytosis
Mast Cell Activation Syndrome

38
Q

Natural killer cells - location

A

produced in bone marrow and also in lymph nodes, thymus, liver and uterus
circulate in blood

39
Q

immune actions killer cells

A

eliminate virally infected cells and tumour cells clearance of senescent cells
tumour cell surveillance

40
Q

cellular actions natural killer cells

A

degranulation
production of inflammatory mediators

41
Q

B-Lymphocytes
Location

A
  • mature in Bone marrow
    circulate between secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes) in search of antigens
42
Q

B-Lymphocytes immune actions

A

Immune Actions

  • adaptive immune response
43
Q

cellular actions of B lymphocytes

A

differentiate into plasma cells, which produce antibodies differentiate into memory cells (which live for many years)

44
Q

T-Lymphocytes location

A

Location
* originate in bone marrow, mature in Thymus and spleen circulate between secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes) in search of antigens

45
Q

immune actions T lymphocytes

A

Immune Actions

  • adaptive immune
46
Q

Cellular Actions - T lymphocytes

A
  • CD4+ (T-helper) cells CD8+ (T-cytotoxic) cells
  • response proliferation and differentiation of T and B cells
  • activate macrophages
  • apoptosis in virally-infected cells
    by punching holes in the plasma membrane with perforin and injecting granzymes
47
Q

B- and T-Lymphocyte Disorders

A

B-Lymphocyte Disorders
* Lymphomas Leukaemia
T-Lymphocyte Disorders
Lymphomas Leukaemia

Tissues of the Body (8 decks)

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