The Pancreas Flashcards
what are the sections of the pancreas?
head, uncinate, neck, body, tail
what is the position of the pancreas?
anterior retroperitoneum
and epigastric region
head in the c loop of the duodenum
the head of the pancreas is located which directions?
in the c loop of the duodenum
tilted caudally
what is another name for the main pancreatic duct?
duct of wirsung
the duct of wirsung is aka
main pancreatic duct
the main pancreatic duct merges with the ___________ at the _______________ and empties into the __________
common bile duct
ampulla of vater
duodenum
through what spincter does the main pancreatic duct empty?
the sphincter of oddi
does the pancreas have a capsule?
no
how large is the pancreas?
12-15 cm
the head of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature? SMV, IVC, Portal vein.
lateral to the SMV
anterior to the IVC
Inferior to the portal vein
the uncinate process of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?
posterior to the SMV
anterior to the aorta
the neck of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?
anterior to the portal confluence
the body of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?
anterior to the SMV, splenic vein, SMA
the tail of the pancreas is what relation to the surrounding vasculature?
anterior to the splenic vein
how do the male and female pancreas differ?
male is longer
what plane is the pancreas measured in?
trans
what are normal measurements for the head body and tail
h : 2-3.5cm
b: 2-3cm
t: 1-2 cm
what is the measurement of the main pancreatic duct?
about 2 mm
may be up to 3.5 and down to 1.5mm
in the transverse plane the splenic vein appears…
long and horizontal
what is the hamburger in the pancreas
neck, SMV, uncinate
what are three atomic variants in the pancreas?
pancreatic divism
annular pancreas
partial pancreas
what is the pancreatic divism
an anatomic variant
develops prenatally
- failure of dorsal and ventral buds to fuse at 8th week
- major and minor ampulla form the 2 ducts instead of being fused
- doesnt form a main pancreatic duct - drains in to places not one
what is the annular pancreas?
variant
- a ring of extra pancreatic tissue forms around the first part of the small intestine. - wraps around duodenum
- duo appears in panc
what is partial agenesis?
agenesis (failure to develop) of the dorsal (back) pancreas
very rare
partial or total loss of body and tail of panc
the pancreas is both a ___ and _____ gland
endocrine and exocrine
what is endocrine function?
- series of glands that secretes hormones into bloodstream - directctly into blood - endo - within the blood
what cells does the endocrine function of the pancreas use?
pancreatic islets - islets of langerhans - found around the vessel
the islets of langerhans are found in endo or exocrine function?
endo
what are the three islet cells?
alpha
beta
delta
alpha cells secrete…
glucagon
Agon - A for alpha
beta cells secrete…
insulin
- ppl who use insulin are betas
delta cells secrete…
somatostatin
where is the greatest conc of islet cells
tail
what does glucagon do?
- alpha cells
- increase blood glucose levels- cells to release glucose
- rise blood glucose
- glycogenolysis - converts glycogen to glucose - into blood
- turning fat into useable sugar
happens when low blood sugar
what increases blood glucose levels?
glucagon
what does insulin do?
- beta cells
- helps glucose into cells - out of blood stream
- lowers blood glucose
glycogenesis - the conversion of glucose to glycogen - converting sugar into stored energy (fat)
- take sugar out of blood
- result of high blood sugar
what hormone is released as a result of high blood sugar?
insulin
what hormone is released as a result of low blood sugar?
glucagon
what is glycogenesis? what cells stimulate it and what hormone?
- beta cells
- conversion of glucose to glycogen
- insulin
result of high blood sugar
what is glycogenolysis? what cells stimulate it and what hormone?
- alpha cells
- conversion of glycogen to glucose
- glucagon
result of low blood sugar
what hormone do delta cells release?
somatostatin
what does somatostatin do?
inhibits the release of insulin, glucagon and HGH
somatostatin is released by which type of cells
delta
glucagon is released by
alpha cells
insulin is released by
beta cells
what is exocrine function?
secrete products into ducts that empty at epithelium like skin of lumen of a hallow organ (ducts)
exo - out of blood stream (exit)
what type of cells are in the exocrine system of the pancreas?
acinar cells
in the exocrine function of the pancreas the cells are arranged how? and what are they called?
acini - grapelike clusters
where do the acini release their digestive enzymes?
into the main pancreatic duct and therfore then into the duodenum
what do acini release?
digestive enzymes
what are the primary digestive secretions?
bicarbonate
digestive enzymes
what secretes bicarbonate?
epithelial cells in the pancreatic ducts
what does bicarbonate do in the stomach
neutralizes pH of contents and activates pancreatic enzymes
what are the three digestive enzymes?
amylase
lipase
proteases
what does amylase do?
- break down carbs into useable sugars
- maltose and glucose
- amy is sweet = sugars = carbs
what does lipase do?
breakdown fats
lip = fats
triglygeride fatty acids and monoglycerides
what do proteases do?
breakdown proteins
3 of them
what are the three proteases?
trypsin
chymotrypsin
carboxypeptidase
what does trypsin inhibitor do?
stops panc from digesting itself
what regulates the exocrine secretions?
10th vagus nerve
hormones
what 3 hormones regulate exocrine?
cholecytokinin
secretin
gastrin
Cholecystokinin
Synthesized by the duodenal mucosa
Release is stimulated by the presence of proteins and fats in the duodenum
Causes the gallbladder to contract
Causes the pancreas to release digestive enzymes
secretin
A hormone produced by the epithelial cells of the duodenum
Its release is stimulated by acidic contents from the stomach
Causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
gastrin
Secreted by the stomach
Stimulates acid secretion by the stomach and enzymes secretion by the pancreatic cells
for scanning the pancreas one of the most important things is…
patient prep - elimenate gas
NPO of ________ is optimal
6-8 hours
or 12
NPO means
nothing by mouth
