The PA Profession: Past, Present, and Future Flashcards
What report included:
- the study of all medical schools
- called for high admissions and graduation standards
- strict science protocols for teaching and research
- too many schools training too many doctors
- almost 1/2 of medical schools closed
Flexner report - 1910
Who worked as German military assistants (in the 17th-18th centuries) to the barber-surgeons as they:
- worked as army field surgeons
- expanded to Russia by Peter the Great
- developed into providing primary care in rural and underserved areas
- formal training started late 19th century
Feldshers
What included 2 years of medical education (length of training depended on specialty), was tuition-free, living expenses provided, guaranteed position after training completed, and top 10% were encouraged to attend medical school?
Feldshers training
What was the role of Feldshers?
- work side by side with physicians in urban areas
- alternatives to physicians in underserved regions (authority to diagnose, prescribe, give emergency treatment)
Where were Feldshers utilized?
in EDs and urban areas
Which PA predecessors where:
- British royal navy
- Est 1799 in the US navy
- congress required all ships have area for sick/injured
- duties included assisting surgeons, and sweeping/washing/cleaning guns/make pills and plaster, delivering foods, etc
loblolly boys
Who was the 1st loblolly boy on record?
John Wall
Which PA predecessors does this include:
- 1965-China
- farmers being trained as “Village aides”
- training is very basic (<6 months of on-the-job training)
Barefoot doctors
What did Barefoot doctors provide?
- basic hygiene
- preventative health care
- family planning
- treat common illnesses
In France, what was phased out in 1892 and included health officers, had 2 different training options, were independent but limited scope of practice, and could do sutures, minor surgical procedures, and prescibe?
Officer de Sante
What were the 2 training options for Officer de Sante?
- 6 yr apprenticeship
- 5 yrs in hospital setting
- 3 yrs of medical school
What does this describe:
- phased on in 1931
- major and minor
- both reported to physicians
- PAs in Puerto Rico
Practicante
What were the duties of Practicante?
- diagnose
- treat
- suture
- fracture reduction
What was another type of PA in Puerto Rico that replaced practicante?
surgical technical auxillary
As of 2019, the department of health in Puerto Rico allows PAs to obtain a license to practice, what do they call them?
Medicos Asistentes
In 1925, who was providing maternal and child health care in rural Kentucky?
Mary Breckinridge
Who founded the Frontier Nursing Service in 1925 which provided maternal and child health care in rural Kentucky and used nurse midwives from Great Britain?
Mary Breckinridge
In 1939, what was the 1st midwifery program, is apart of the Frontier Nursing Service, and continues to operate today?
Frontier Graduate School of Midwifery
When was the 1st certificate for family nurse practitioners created?
1960s
Who were the PA predecessors involved in the Vietnam war?
American Hospital Corpsman/Medics
Who was:
- a surgical laboratory assistant
- trained by surgeon Dr. Alfred Blalock
Vivien Thomas
Who taught cardiac surgery technique with Dr. Blalock at Johns Hopkins University?
Vivien Thomas
Who developed surgical techniques and equipment and was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from the university in the mid-70s BUT was never formally trained in medicine?
Vivien Thomas
Who was a general practitioner in rural NC, trained “Doctor’s Assistant” in his practice, and was featured in an editorial in medical economics 1967?
Dr. Amos Johnson
Who was trained to work with Dr. Amos Johnson as a “Doctor’s Assistant”?
Henry “Buddy” Treadwell
Who were trained to diagnose and treat and were a prototype for the PA program at Duke?
Henry “Buddy” Treadwell
Who was the President of National board of Medical Examiners in 1961 and was the 1st physician to suggest non-physician providers?
Dr. Charles Hudson
Who suggested a new type of health care provider that was modeled after the Army and Navy Corpsman, needed 2-3 yrs of college that paralleled medical school to develop technical skills?
Dr. Charles Hudson
Where did Dr. Charles Hudson practice?
Cleveland, Ohio
Who was the president of Cleveland Academy of Medicine and The Ohio State Medical Association?
Dr. Charles Hudson
Who had an award named after him and was given to a person who has advanced the physician assistant concepts in Ohio during the “past year”?
Dr. Charles Hudson
Who was the founder of the PA profession?
Dr. Eugene A Stead Jr
Who developed a curriculum for “Advanced clinical nursing” with Thelma Ingles, RN, but was rejected because there was too much physician involvement?
Dr. Eugene Stead
Who announced he would create a “course of study for corpsmen to become physician assistants” in 1964?
Dr. Eugene A Stead
Where was the first PA program created?
Duke university
What report included:
- medically trained personnel in and out of the hospital
- 2 types of providers (highly skilled in specific areas, advanced specialist with broad and basic knowledge)
Wallace report
What was the core curriculum in the Wallace Report?
- allow for academic advancement
- variation in careers
What defined the specific needs to resolve manpower problems?
Wallace report
Who held the committee chair at Duke Hospital and created the Wallace report?
Dr. Andrew Wallace
When was the first day of class of the first PA program at Duke?
October 6th, 1965
What did the first PA program at Duke include?
- 4 students: ex-Navy Corpsmen
- 2-year program (9mon basic medical scences, 15mon rotations)
Dr. Stead’s 57th birthday was?
On the first day of class, Oct. 6, 1965
When is National PA day?
October 6
When did the first class of PAs at Duke graduate?
October 6, 1967
When is PA week?
October 6 through October 12
What was the curriculum of the first PA program at Duke?
- based on medical model
- settled on primary care focus FP or internal medicine)
- develop lifelong learning
- ongoing professional growth
Who took over the PA Program at Duke at Dr. Stead’s retirement?
Dr. E. Harvey Estes
Who expanded the PA concept and educational programs across the country?
Dr. E. Harvey Estes
When was AAPA established with Duke Grads?
1968
Who was the founder of MEDEX (medicine extension) and confirmed the need to train nonphysician providers?
Dr. Richard Smith
What does this concept describe:
- train individuals with medical background for primary care settings in rural and underserved areas
- collaborative model
- jointly sponsered?
Medex
Where and when was the first Medex program?
University of Washington in 1969
How many people were in the first class of medex?
15 military corpsman
What did the program of medex include?
- 3 months of formal instruction
- 9-12 months of preceptorship (rural primary care physicians)
Who was the founder of the Child health associate program?
Dr. Henry Silver
What was developed to address healthcare needs for children?
Child Health Associate Program
What was the only PA program that focused on pediatrics?
Child health associate programs
What was the first program to offer PAs as a masters degree in 1975?
Child health associate program
When was the child health associate program founded?
1968
Who was a native PCP in rural WV that developed a training program designed to recruit high school students native to the area?
Dr. Hu C. Myers
Who founded the Alderson-Broaddus college PA program?
Dr. Hu C. Myers
When was the Alderson-Broaddus college PA program founded?
1968
What was the first PA program to offer a 4 year-bachelors degree so students could:
- enter directly from high school
- no previous health care experience needed
- final 2 yrs trained the art and science of medicine
- became model for smaller colleges?
Alderson-Broaddus College
When did Alderson-Broaddus College close?
Fall of 2023
Who founded the first surgical assistant (SA) program in 1967 at the University of Alabama Birmingham (2 year program)?
Dr. John Webster Kirklin
What is the supporting document for surgical assistants created in 1973?
Essentials for the Educational training programs of surgeon’s assistants
Year?
Navy, army and air force each start 2 year programs for military PA programs?
1971
Year?
- Army offers Bachelor’s degree military PA program through Baylor University
- navy-george washington, then university of Nebraska
1972
Year?
- military PA programs consolidate to form a single PA program?
1996
What is the largest PA program and is the single program that was formed from all of the military programs located in Fort Sam Houston, Texas?
Interservice physician assistant program
What does this describe:
- opened 2 yr training program in New Mexico and Arizona
- work in rural and frontier communities (emergency services and family practice settings)
Indian Health Service PA program
What does this describe:
- began in 1940s (response to tuberculosis epidemic)
- trained local residents to provide emergency and primary care
- performed procedures using manuals and telephone/radio communication with physicians
- dental and behavioral health programs
Alaska Community Health aides (CHA)
Who recruited CHAs for training to return to village as PAs?
MEDEX northwest PA program
What What does this describe:
- 2-year programs
- more autonomous autonomous type of provider
- taking histories and performing physical exams
- assist physicians with performing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures
- practice under the general supervision of the physician
- qualified to integrate and interpret clinical findings and make independent judgment
- preferred by PCPs
Type A PAs
What does this describe:
-less training
- less general knowledge and skills of entire range of medicine
- technical skills in more specific area
- less qualified for independent action
Type B PA
What does this describe:
- perform limited number of medical tasks
- more direct physician supervision
- similar to type A PAs, but not as much independence
Type C PA
Who was the first president of AAPA, developed the 1st certifying exam, and participated in the development of NCCPA?
William D Stanhope, MS, PA
Who was the founder of the Yale Physician Associate program?
Dr. Alfred Sadler
Who was the 1st president of association of physician assistant programs (APAP)?
Dr. Alfred Sadler
Who developed the accreditation standards with AMA for the PA profession?
Dr. Alfred Sadler
Who was the founder of George Washington University PA program?
Dr. Thomas Piemme
Who was a co-founder of NCCPA?
Dr. Thomas Piemme
Who established PA licensing and certification systems and secured funding for PA offices in Washington DC (AAPA/APAP)?
Dr. Alfred Sadler
Dr. Thomas Piemme
Who was the first executive director of AAPA?
Donald Fisher, PhD
Who researched effectiveness of Iowa graduates in rural/medically underserved in state at the University of Iowa PA program?
Denis Oliver
Who developed the Annual surveys of physician assistant education?
Denis Oliver
Where can PAs practice today?
- primary care
- specialty care
