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**SLP Audiology > The Outer Ear > Flashcards

The Outer Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the outer ear?

A

to collect, resonate and localize sound as well as provide protection

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2
Q

What frequencies does the outer ear resonate?

A

2000Hz - 7000Hz

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3
Q

What is the resonant frequency of the EAM?

A

~2700 Hz

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4
Q

The pinna forms at the same time as the _________ during embryological development

A

kidneys

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5
Q

At what age does the pinna reach adult size?

A

~8 years old

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6
Q

What is anotia?

A

an absent pinna

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7
Q

what is microtia?

A

a very small pinna

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8
Q

what is macrotia?

A

a very large pinna

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9
Q

what is meltier?

A

displacement of the pinna

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10
Q

What is the name of the surgery for pinning back ears?

A

otoplasty

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11
Q

What are the two main components of the outer ear?

A

1) pinna

2) EAM

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12
Q

Describe the outer 1/3 of the EAM

A

skin-covered cartilage

has sebaceous glands and follicles

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13
Q

Describe the inner 2/3 of the EAM

A

skin-covered bone with no follicles or glands

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14
Q

What is the name of the place where the outer and inner portions of the EAM meet

A

the osseocartilaginous junction

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15
Q

Where your osseocartilaginous junction is, is often where your __________ joint is located

A

temperomandibular joint

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16
Q

T or F the condyle sits bellow the OC junction at rest

A

True

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17
Q

If the condyle presses into the OC junction, where is the pain often felt?

A

referred pain felt in the ear

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18
Q

What determines the colour of your ear wax?

A

it is genetically based - based on your melanin

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19
Q

Earwax grows in an _______ fashion

A

outward

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20
Q

Cleaning your ears ________ the production of ear wax

A

increases

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21
Q

What is atresia of the ear canal?

A

full closure of the ear canal

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22
Q

What is stenosis of the ear canal?

A

narrowing or collapsing of the EAM

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23
Q

Stenosis of the EAM is especially common in what population?

A

the elderly

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24
Q

What is external otitis?

A

infeciton in the skin lining of the outer ear, AKA swimmers ear

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25
Q

Does stenosis usually involve real world hearing loss?

A

no

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26
Q

What are the 5 main components of the middle ear?

A

1) tympanic membrane
2) ossicles
3) middle ear space
4) Eustachian tube
5) Middle ear muscles

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27
Q

Describe the structure of the tympanic membrane (TM)

A
  • concave, disk like structure
  • area is 63-90 mm2
  • width is 0.7mm
  • very rich in blood supply
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28
Q

What are the three layers of the TM

A
  • epidermal
  • fibrous
  • mucous
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29
Q

The tympanic membrane is held in position by what structure?

A

the tympanic annulus

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30
Q

Movement of the TM as little as __________________ can stimulate hearing

A

one billionth of a cm

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31
Q

T or F a healthy TM is translucent

A

true

32
Q

What is it called when there is a hole in the tM

A

perforation

33
Q

How does scar tissue affect the TM?

A

it makes it more flaccid

34
Q

What is myringitis?

A

inflammation of the TM

35
Q

What is a tympanoplasty?

A

patching of a perforation in the TM

36
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

they conduct TM vibration to the inner ear, and ‘amplify’ sound

37
Q

T or F: the malleus moves on its own and the incus and stapes move as one

A

F - the malleus and incus move as one, the stapes moves on its own

38
Q

What do we call it when the ossicles have been displaced from each other?

A

disarticulation

39
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

starts when spongy bone forms over the stapes, and then it hardens and the footplate becomes fixed, causes conductive hearing loss

40
Q

Please describe the middle ear

A

air filled (2cm3) and has a mucous membrane lining

41
Q

The middle ear is connected to the nasopharynx via the _________

A

eustachian tube (ET)

42
Q

Where is the ET located?

A

it sits above the tonsils

43
Q

The ET is ______ at rest

A

closed

44
Q

what muscle is responsible for opening the ET?

A

the tensor veil palatini

45
Q

How often does the ET open during waking?

A

once/min

46
Q

How often does the Et open during sleep?

A

once/ 5 min

47
Q

The ET opens during …

A

yawning, sneezing, swallowing or excessive nasal pressure

48
Q

Explain the differences in ET structure between adults and children?

A
  • In adults the ET sits at a 30 degree angle, in children it is more horizontal, ~10 degrees
  • Children still have adenoids that can block the flow of fluid
  • Children are prone to ET dysfunction
49
Q

____% of the time, fluid in the middle ear of children is not used by infection

A

50%

50
Q

Air pressure of the middle ear must ______ the air pressure of the EAM

A

match

51
Q

What is the only natural way to maintain pressure equalization?

A

the eustachian tube

52
Q

When does the ET lock shut?

A

at extreme pressures

53
Q

What happens when the ET locks shut?

A
  • great pain occurs
  • at risk for TM rupture
  • at risk for middle ear effusion
54
Q

What is meant by a patulous ET

A

the ET remains open

55
Q

What two groups of people are prone to patulous ET

A
  • body builders (from clenching)

- people with bulimia

56
Q

______% of children have had otitis media by age 3, and _____% by age 5

A

30%

75%

57
Q

25-50% of the time, otitis media is _______, meaning it doesn’t have any noticeable symptoms

A

‘silent’

58
Q

List as many risk factors as you can for otitis media (OM)

A
  • age 18mos to 3years
  • bottle feeding
  • attendance in group day care
  • exposure to tobacco smoke
  • cranio-facial involvement
  • family history
  • premature birth
  • season
59
Q

T or F: the reason the risk for OM is higher when the infant is bottle fed is because they are lacking nutrients from the breast milk

A

no it is more likely the position of the baby during the feeding

60
Q

List the 3 categories of OM

A
  • serous OM
  • acute OM
  • chronic OM
61
Q

Describe serous OM

A

air in the middle ear space is replaced by any type of fluid other than true pus

62
Q

What can cause serous OM?

A
  • ET dysfunction
  • Mucous secretions blown through the ET
  • Allergies, upper RT infections, second hand smoke
63
Q

Describe acute OM

A

the middle ear is filled with bacteria or there is a viral infection

-characterized by a rapid onset, fever, pain, irritability, disruption in sleeping or eating patterns

64
Q

Describe chronic OM

A

any fluid remains for an extended period of time (>8 weeks)

65
Q

List the possible treatments of OM

A
  • wait and see
  • antibiotics
  • nasal spray
  • myringotomy with/without tubes
  • non-medical
66
Q

When a child has OM, when is waiting and seeing the right treatment?

A

children with no speech & language delays can be observed with 3 months with no detriments

-children with persistent effusion or speech and language delays should be referred

67
Q

When should antibiotics be used to treat OM? Are they always effective

A

antibiotics should be used when there is an actual infection

-antibiotic therapy is minimally effective

68
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A
  • carries vibration from the outer to inner ear

- overcomes loss of sound energy when sound passes from air to fluid

69
Q

When sound travels from air to water how much of sound energy is reflected? give answer in percent and dB

A

99.9%

30dB

70
Q

What are the three ways the middle ear amplifier matches the energy loss from air-fluid

A
  1. leverage action of ossicles
  2. vibrating area of TM is 17x that of oval window
  3. curved shape of TM focuses movement on the malleus
71
Q

The middle ear amplifier results in a pressure increase _________ at the oval window. This is a _____ dB increase

A

23

30dB

72
Q

What are cholesteatomas

A

benign mass growing in middle ear space due to chronic build up of non-infection based fluid

73
Q

What is petrositis?

A

infection of the mastoid air cells medial to the inner ear

74
Q

T or F: skull fractures can lead to middle ear problems

A

True

75
Q

What are the two muscles of the middle ear

A
  • stapedius

- tensor tympani

76
Q

The middle ear muscles can reduce intensity by as much as _____ dB

A

15 dB

**SLP Audiology (6 decks)

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